Irreversible electroporation for the management of pancreatic cancer: Current data and future directions

Table 1 Irreversible electroporation of pancreatic cancer in animal models

Ref.	Animal model	n	Tumour location	Histology	Major complication
Charpentier et al[27], 2010	Porcine	4	NP	Necrosis	None
Bower et al[28], 2011	Porcine	6	Orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None
Joséet al[29], 2012	Mouse	24	Orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None
Fritz et al[33], 2015	Porcine	10	Orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None
Su et al[30], 2018	Mouse	22	Orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None
Shankara Narayanan et al[31], 2018	Mouse	N/A	Subcutaneous/orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None
Lee et al[32], 2021	Porcine	N/A	Orthotopic PC	Necrosis	None

N/A: Not available; NP: Normal pancreas; PC: Pancreatic cancer.

Table 2 Indication and contraindications of irreversible electroporation in pancreatic cancer

Indication	Contraindications
	Absolute	Relative
Biopsy-proven primary and solitary pancreatic tumors	History of ventricular arrhythmias	Atrial fibrillation
Locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Stage II or III (T4N1M0) with regional positive lymph nodes ≤ 3	Implanted cardiac stimulation devices within 1 yr	Coronary artery disease
Tumor size maximal axial diameter ≤ 5 cm	Uncontrollable hypertension	Combined severe stenosis of the common hepatic artery and main portal vein branch
Patients not candidates for radical resection or who refuse the surgical operation	History of epilepsy	Metallic foreign object in the ablation zone
Patients with a predictable OS longer than 3 mo, Karnofsky Performance Score > 50	Congestive heart failure (> NHYA class 2)	Liver failure, portal hypertension, ascites, bile duct obstruction, hyperbilirubinemia
		Irreversible bleeding disorders
		Uncontrolled infections; patients that have received chemo or immunotherapy in the 4 wk prior to treatment

OS: Overall survival; NHYA: New York Heart Association.