Copyright
©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. May 14, 2023; 29(18): 2747-2763
Published online May 14, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2747
Published online May 14, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2747
Table 1 Etiology of acute pancreatitis
| Causes of acute pancreatitis | |
| Toxic and metabolic | |
| Alcohol | |
| Hyperlipidemia (triglycerides > 600 mg) | |
| Hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |
| Hypothyroidism | |
| Uremia | |
| Drugs (medicaments) | |
| Scorpion venom | |
| Mechanical | |
| Gallstones, biliary sludge | |
| Ampullary obstruction (Crohn’s disease, villous tumors of the ampulla) | |
| Pancreatic obstruction (pancreatic tumor, chronic pancreatitis) | |
| Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction | |
| Pancreas divisium | |
| Post ERCP-pancreatitis | |
| Congenital malformation | |
| Trauma | |
| Others | |
| Ischemia | |
| Organ transplantation (bone marrow transplantation) | |
| Iatrogenic injury | |
| Infection | |
| Hereditary | |
| Autoimmune | |
| Cystic fibrosis | |
| Tropical (Ascaris lumbricoides) | |
| Idiopathic pancreatitis | |
Table 2 Management of acute pancreatitis
| Cornerstone treatment measures | ||
| Intensive monitoring and support of cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and hepatobiliary functions | ||
| Fluid resuscitation with monitoring of vital constants and urine output | ||
| Electrolyte solutions and Plasma expanders | ||
| Humidified oxygen administration | ||
| Catecholamine (dopamine, dobutamine) to prevent renal failure | ||
| Appropriate nutritional support | ||
| Early treatment of systemic complications | ||
| Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure | ||
| Catecholamine (epinephrine) if shock develops | ||
| Hemofiltration, dialysis | ||
| Insulin and calcium substitution to treat metabolic complications | ||
| Prevention of infectious complications | ||
| Biliary tract management | ||
| Management of necrotizing pancreatitis | ||
| Conservative, Imaging, Endoscopic, Surgical management | ||
| Management of late complications | ||
| Pancreatic pseudocysts | ||
| Walled-off pancreatic necrosis | ||
| Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome/pancreatic fistula | ||
| Acute non-infectious complications in acute pancreatitis | ||
| Intra-abdominal hypertension | ||
| Pseudoaneurysm | ||
| Venous thrombosis | ||
| Bowel fistula | ||
| Management of special types of acute pancreatitis | ||
| Pediatric | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | ||
| Hypertriglyceridemia | ||
| Post-ERCP pancreatitis | ||
| Trauma | ||
| Pregnancy | ||
| Long term complications and long-term care | ||
- Citation: Zerem E, Kurtcehajic A, Kunosić S, Zerem Malkočević D, Zerem O. Current trends in acute pancreatitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(18): 2747-2763
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i18/2747.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2747