Interplay between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease: Epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and treatment considerations

Table 1 Selected human studies assessing various treatment approaches in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease

Study	Treatment	Finding
MAFLD
Meneses et al[69]	Bariatric surgery	Stabilization of fibrosis or complete resolution; ↓ NAFLD fibrosis score
Li et al[70]	GLP1-RA	↓ Liver fat
Morieri et al[71]	GLP1-RA	↓ MAFLD prevalence
Jianping et al[72]	GLP1-RA	Improvement in histological MAFLD features
Akuta et al[73]	Canagliflozin	↓ Histological steatosis, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis stage
Takahashi et al[74]	Ipragliflozin	↓ Hepatic fibrosis; Steatohepatitis resolution
Pakravan et al[75]	Melatonin	↓ Inflammation; Improvement of ultrasonographic fatty liver grade
Akhavan et al[76]	Melatonin	↓ Hepatic enzyme levels
Rinella et al[77]	Obeticholic acid	↓ Hepatic enzyme levels↓ Liver fibrosis
Neuschwander-Tetri et al[78]	Obeticholic acid	Improvement in histological features
Mohamad Nor et al[79]	Probiotics	↔ Elastography-derived hepatic steatosis and fibrosis
Derosa et al[80]	Probiotics	↓ Hepatic steatosis index; ↓ Ultrasonographic steatosis
Musazadeh et al[81]	Probiotics	↓ Hepatic enzyme levels
CKD
Funes et al[82]	Bariatric surgery	↑ eGFR
Wee et al[83]	Bariatric surgery	↑ eGFR↓ Albuminuria
Fathy et al[84]	Bariatric surgery	↓ Albuminuria
Dash et al[85]	Bariatric surgery	↓ Kidney disease incidence
Shaman et al[86]	GLP1-RAs	↓ Albuminuria; Halted eGFR decline
Perkovic et al[87]	Canagliflozin	Reduction in the renal outcome (ESKD, doubling of serum creatinine, or renal death) by 34%
Heerspink et al[88]	Dapagliflozin	Reduction in the renal outcome (decline in eGFR of ≥ 50%, ESKD, or renal death) by 44%
Bhatt et al[89]	Sotagliflozin	Reduction in the renal outcome (decline in eGFR of ≥ 50%, ESKD, renal transplantation) by 29%
Wang et al[90]	Probiotic	Halted eGFR decline; ↓ Inflammation

↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease; ↔: No change. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD: End-stage kidney disease; GLP1-RA: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; MAFLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.