Current standard values of health utility scores for evaluating cost-effectiveness in liver disease: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Current health-related outcome for liver disease

Questionnaire	Total	Permission	Company/Organization
EQ-5D-5L	Five questions	Registration required	The EuroQol Research Foundation.
Health Utilities Index Mark 2 or 3	45 questions	Purchase required	Health Utilities Inc.
36-Item Short Form Survey	36 questions	Purchase required	QualityMetric
	36 questions	Free	The RAND Corporation

EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels.

Table 2 List of previous studies and health utility assessments

Ref.	Subjects and countries	EQ-5D-5L	EQ-VAS	HUI-mark	SF-36	Type of SF-36	Others
Jenkinson et al[16]	Normal population from United Kingdom				O	RAND®
Ratcliffe et al[17]	Normal population/Liver transplantation patients from United Kingdom	Δ	Δ		O	Not described1
Chong et al[18]	Normal population from Canada	O	Δ	Δ	Δ1
Grieve et al[19]	Population from United Kingdom	O
Bondini et al[20]	Population from United States			O	Δ1		CLDQ
Dan et al[21]	Population from United States			O			SF-6D
Björnsson et al[22]	Population from Sweden	O			O	Not described1
Hsu et al[23]	Population from Vancouver				O	v2	HQLQv2
McDonald et al[24]	Population from United Kingdom	O
Scalone et al[25]	Population from United Kingdom	O	Δ
Vahidnia et al[26]	Population from United States	Δ	O
Kaishima et al[27]	Population from Japan	O
Blanco et al[28]	Population from Spain	Δ	O
Kesen et al[29]	HCV patients from Turkey				O	Not described1	HADS
Cortesi et al[30]	Population from Italy	O	O
Karimi Sari et al[31]	HCV patients from Iran				O	Not described1
Zanone et al[32]	HCV patients from Italy	O

¹Modified scale excluding from the analyses.

O: The eligible study including the analyses; Δ: The excluding outcomes due to different conditions; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels; EQ-VAS: EuroQol-visual analogue scale; HUI-mark: Health utility index mark; SF-36: Short from-36; CLDQ: Chronic liver disease questionnaire; SF-6D: Short form 6-dimensions; HQLQv2: Hepatitis Quality of Life^® survey version 2; HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 3 EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels

Ref.	Total	Mean	SD
Normal healthy individuals
Ratcliffe et al[17]	3386	0.85	0.03
Chong et al[18]	1518	0.821	0.011
Björnsson et al[22]	29353	0.819	0.217
Vahidnia et al[26]	1565	0.94	0.1
Cortesi et al[30]	6800	0.915	0.107
Total	42622	0.8413	0.1905
Compensated cirrhosis with hepatitis C
Chong et al[18]	24	0.74	0.085
Grieve et al[19]	40	0.55	0.34
Björnsson et al[22]	76	0.749	0.212
Scalone et al[25]	222	0.736	0.259
Kaishima et al[27]	20	0.824	0.106
Cortesi et al[30]	574	0.891	0.119
Zanone et al[32]	94	0.68	0.37
Total	1050	0.8113	0.2261
Decompensated cirrhosis with hepatitis C
Chong et al[18]	9	0.66	0.2
Grieve et al[19]	64	0.45	0.24
Björnsson et al[22]	53	0.565	0.266
Kaishima et al[27]	4	0.524	0.25
Cortesi et al[30]	523	0.859	0.14
Total	653	0.7903	0.2182
Sustained virologic response
Chong et al[18]	36	0.83	0.065
Grieve et al[19]	24	0.82	0.21
Björnsson et al[22]	52	0.792	0.209
Zanone et al[32]	91	0.89	0.18
Total	203	0.846	0.1816
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Chong et al[18]	15	0.65	0.21
Grieve et al[19]	64	0.45	0.24
Scalone et al[25]	85	0.777	0.241
Kaishima et al[27]	14	0.75	0.057
Cortesi et al[30]	545	0.867	0.146
Total	723	0.8127	0.2084

Table 4 EuroQol-visual analogue scale in normal healthy individuals

Ref.	Total	Mean	SD
Vahidnia et al[26]	1565	87.6	10.6
Cortesi et al[30]	6800	78	18.4
Total	8365	79.796	17.614

Table 5 Short from-36: Healthy controls

Ref.	Total	Mean	SD
Physical function
Björnsson et al[22]	339	87	19
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	681	80	22.1
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	684	74.8	23.5
Ratcliffe et al[17]	8883	85.4	2.55
Hsu et al[23]	9367	85.8	20
Total	19954	85.07	15.40
Role physical
Björnsson et al[22]	339	82	32
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	717	78.8	36.1
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	757	76.8	36.9
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9151	83.7	4.4
Hsu et al[23]	9367	82.1	33.2
Total	20331	82.50	25.15
Body pain
Björnsson et al[22]	339	72	27
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	724	78.8	23.6
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	779	75	25.1
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9214	80	3.05
Hsu et al[23]	9367	75.6	23
Total	20423	77.62	17.55
General health
Björnsson et al[22]	339	68	24
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	707	62.9	20.3
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	763	59	21.4
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9089	61.1	2.75
Hsu et al[23]	9367	65.8	18
Total	20265	63.37	14.16
Vitality, energy, fatigue
Björnsson et al[22]	339	68	24
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	707	62.9	20.3
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	763	59	21.4
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9089	61.1	2.75
Hsu et al[23]	9367	65.8	18
Total	20265	63.37	14.16
Social function
Björnsson et al[22]	339	88	21
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	729	86.9	22.6
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	783	85.9	22.6
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9219	87.8	2.8
Hsu et al[23]	9367	86.2	19.8
Total	20437	86.97	15.13
Role emotional
Björnsson et al[22]	339	86	29
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	714	85.8	29.5
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	756	83.3	32.5
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9159	83.7	4.4
Hsu et al[23]	9367	84	31.7
Total	20335	83.94	23.57
Mental health, emotional, well-being
Björnsson et al[22]	339	50	10
Jenkinson et al[16] M 60	697	78	17.5
Jenkinson et al[16] W 60	742	74.4	18.5
Ratcliffe et al[17]	9014	74.6	2.35
Hsu et al[23]	9367	77.5	15.3
Total	20159	75.64	12.23

Table 6 Compensated liver cirrhosis vs sustained virologic response

Questionnare	Compensated LC	SVR	P value	% improvement
SF-36: Physical function	79.3 ± 19.3	83.9 ± 17.8	0.07	105.8
SF-36: Role physical	61.5 ± 31.6	73.3 ± 27.3	0.004	119.2
SF-36: Body pain	80.8 ± 23.1	85.4 ± 21.3	0.09	105.7
SF-36: General health	64.8 ± 20.9	74.8 ± 18.5	< 0.001	115.4
SF-36: Vitality	70.5 ± 24.0	78.1 ± 18.4	0.002	110.8
SF-36: Social function	77.0 ± 19.0	83.3 ± 15.6	0.05	108.2
SF-36: Role emotional	56.8 ± 32.0	68.1 ± 27.3	< 0.001	119.9
SF-36: Mental health	77.2 ± 16.8	81.3 ± 15.2	0.12	105.3
EQ-5D-5L	0.6863 ± 0.3065	0.846 ± 0.1816	< 0.001	123.3

LC: Liver cirrhosis; SVR: Sustained virologic response; SF-36: Short from-36; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels.