Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: What strategies to avoid a foretold catastrophe

Table 1 Serum biomarkers

Carbohydrate antigens	CtDNA	miRNA	lncRNA	Metabolites
CA19-9	KRAS	miR21	SNHG15	3-hydroxybutyrate
CA125	ADAMTS1	miR25	HOTAIR	Lactate
CA72-4	BNC1	miR233	MALAT1	Glutamine
CA50	5-methylcytosine	miR216	MEG3	Alanine
CA242	5-hydroxymethylcytosine	miR-92-a-5p	H19	Valine
		miR-125b-3p	PVT1	Lysine
		miR-532e5p	HOTTIP	Citrate
		miR-663	HAND2-AS1	Histidine
		miR-1469	CTD-2033D15.2	Isoleucine
				Glutamate
				Acetone
				Dimethylamine
				N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic
				PE (18:2)
Exosomal mRNA molecules	Exosomal small nucleolar RNA molecules	Exosome surfaceome	Exosomal long RNAs	Others
CCDC88A	SNORA14B	CLDN4	FGA	CTCs
ARF6	SNORA18	EPCAM	KRT19	ITGB5
Vav3	SNORA25	CD151	HIST1H2BK	PPY
WASF2	SNORA74A	LGAL53BP	ITIH2	ERBB3
	SNORD22	HIST2H2BE	MARCH2	SCAMP3
		HIST2H2BF	CLDN1	RET
			MAL2	5-NT
			TIMP1	CEACAM1
				S100A11

CtDNA: Circulation tumor DNA; miRNA: MicroRNA; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; CTC: Circulating tumor cells.

Table 2 Pancreatic juice and cyst fluid biomarkers, saliva biomarkers, urine biomarkers

Pancreatic juice and cyst fluid biomarkers
Mutant genes	Mucins	Interleukins	Methylated DNA markers
GNAS	MUC4	IL-1b	C13orf18
KRAS	MUC16	IL-5	FER1L4
TP53	MUC5AC	IL-8	BMP3
SMAD4
PIK3CA
PTEN
AKT1
Saliva biomarkers
Upregulated genes	Downregulated genes	LncRNA
MBD3L2	TK2	HOTAIR
KRAS	GLTSCR2	PVT1
STIM2	CDKL3
DMXL2	TPT1
ACRV1	DPM1
DMD
CABLES1
Urine biomarkers
Protein markers	MiRNA	Metabolites
REG1A	miR-143	CA19.9
TFF1	miR-204	Proline
LYVE1	miR-223	Sphingomyelin (d18:2, C17:0)
	miR-30e	Phosphatidylcholine
		Isocitrate
		Sphinganine-1-phosphate
		Histidine
		Pyruvate
		Sphingomyelin (d17:1, C18:0)

miRNA: MicroRNA; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA.