Family-based Helicobacter pylori infection status and transmission pattern in central China, and its clinical implications for related disease prevention

Table 1 Demography information and Helicobacter pylori infection status of 772 subjects

Variables items, n	H. pylori positive			H. pylori negative, n	Infection rate (%)	P value
	Sub total, n	Type I, n	Type II, n
Total (772)	419	328	91	353	54.27
Gender
Male (330)	173	130	43	157	52.42
Female (442)	246	198	48	196	55.66	0.373
Age (yr) (mean ± SD)1
Total (45.36 ± 19.38)	49.38 ± 16.92	49.59 ± 17.04	48.65 ± 16.47	40.58 ± 20.97		0.000a
Male (44.56 ± 20.19)	49.62 ± 18.06	49.21 ± 18.53	50.86 ± 16.50	38.98 ± 20.93
Female (45.95 ± 18.74)	49.22 ± 16.06	49.83 ± 15.97	46.67 ± 16.20	41.86 ± 20.92		0.240b
Family annual income2 (10000 RMB)
< 10 (287)	171	142	29	116	59.58
10-20 (209)	119	86	33	90	56.94	0.555c
20-30 (84)	47	36	11	37	55.95	0.552c
> 30 (59)	34	27	7	25	57.63	0.781c
Unknown (47)	28	20	8	19	59.57
Cigarette smoking2
Yes (158)	91	64	27	67	57.59
No (520)	302	242	60	218	58.08	0.914
Unknown (8)	6	5	1	2	75.00
Alcohol drinking2
Yes (149)	86	64	22	63	57.72
No (511)	297	233	64	214	58.12	0.930
Unknown (26)	16	14	2	10	61.54
Gastrointestinal symptoms2
Yes (311)	183	145	38	128	58.84
No (339)	193	148	45	146	56.93	0.622
Unknown (36)	23	18	5	13	63.89
Dining location2
Home (472)	276	215	61	196	58.47
Restaurant (186)	106	83	23	80	56.99	0.728
Unknown (28)	17	13	4	11	60.71
Family history of stomach disease3
Yes (167)	92	65	27	75	55.09
No (430)	256	205	51	174	59.53	0.323
Unknown (89)	51	41	10	38	57.30
Family history of gastric cancer3
Yes (41)	23	20	3	18	56.10
No (576)	335	260	75	241	58.16	0.796
Unknown (69)	41	31	10	28	59.42
Education level2
Senior and below (286)	180	142	38	106	62.94
University or above (376)	199	155	44	177	52.93	0.010a
Unknown (24)	20	14	6	4	83.33

^aP < 0.05, when Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-positive groups were compared with H. pylori-negative groups.

^bP > 0.05, when male H. pylori-positive groups were compared with female H. pylori-positive groups.

^cP > 0.05, when H. pylori infection rate in the annual income < 100000 RMB group was compared with other income groups.

¹Data are presented as the mean ± SD.

²Data only included adults, and children and adolescents age ≤ 18 yr were not included.

³Data only included history of gastric disease or gastric cancer in families across three consecutive generations.

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Parental infection and infection status of children and adolescents in 51 families

Parental infection (Household numbers)	Children infection (57)		Infection rate (%)	P value
	H. pylori+ (n)	H. pylori- (n)
Neither parent infected (11)	2	9	18.18
Both parent infected (21)	6	20	23.08	0.109a
Only father infected (9)	0	9	0
Only mother infected (10)	5	6	45.45
Total (51)	13	44	22.81

^aP > 0.05 when both parents infected group were compared with neither parent infected group.

n: Person per group; Infection rate (%): Infection rate of children in different groups; H. pylori+: H. pylori-positive; H. pylori-: H. pylori-negative.

Table 3 Helicobacter pylori infection status in 51 families with children and other relatives

Family members (N)	H. pylori positive			H. pylori negative, n	Infection rate (%)
	Sub total, n	Type I H. pylori, n	Type II H. pylori, n
Total (190)	93	66	27	97	48.95
Father (51)	32	23	9	19	62.75
Mother (51)	32	22	10	19	62.75
Grandfather (4)	2	1	1	2	50.00
Grandmother (12)	8	6	2	4	66.67
Maternal grandfather (4)	1	0	1	3	25.00
Maternal grandmother (8)	3	2	1	5	37.50
Other relatives (3)	2	2	0	1	66.67
Child (57)	13	10	3	45	22.81

N: Number of family members in 51 families; n: Person per group; Type I H. pylori: H. pylori infection with type I strains; Type II H. pylori: H. pylori infection with type II strains; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; Infection rate: Number of H. pylori-positive family members/number of family members.

Table 4 Serum gastrin-17, pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II and pepsinogen I/II ratio levels in Helicobacter pylori-infected population

	H. pylori+	Type I H. pylori	Type II H. pylori	H. pylori-
G-17 (pmol/L)	8.95 ± 14.53	9.87 ± 15.60	5.62 ± 9.10c	4.90 ± 9.21a,d
PGI (μg/L)	117.90 ± 55.99	123.12 ± 57.11	99.10 ± 47.45	91.13 ± 38.29a,b,d
PGII (μg/L)	12.66 ± 10.41	13.83 ± 11.07	8.43 ± 5.91c	7.39 ± 6.82a,d
PGR	12.16 ± 6.39	11.64 ± 6.40	14.05 ± 6.04c	15.58 ± 7.97a,d

^aP < 0.05 when type I Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected groups were compared with H. pylori-negative groups.

^bP < 0.05 when type II H. pylori-infected groups were compared with H. pylori-negative groups.

^cP < 0.05 when type I H. pylori-infected groups were compared with type II H. pylori-infected groups.

^dP < 0.05 when H. pylori-infected groups were compared with H. pylori-negative groups.

Data are presented as mean ± SD. G-17: Gastrin-17; PG: Pepsinogen; PGR: PG I/II ratio; Type I H. pylori: H. pylori infection with type I strains; Type II H. pylori: H. pylori infection with type II strains; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; H. pylori+: H. pylori-positive; H. pylori-: H. pylori-negative.