Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2021; 27(9): 835-853
Published online Mar 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i9.835
Table 1 Demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and computed tomography imaging features of 440 patients with coronavirus disease 2019, stratified by severity of cumulative liver abnormality or injury

All patients (n = 440)
Normal cumulative LB (n = 186)
Cumulative LBA (n = 185)
Cumulative ALI (n = 69)
Cumulative LBAI (n = 254)
OR (95%CI)1
P value2
Characteristics
Age, yr, median (IQR)63 (25)61 (18)63 (23)65 (17)64 (18)2.5360.012
< 5065 (14.8)33 (50.8)23 (35.4)9 (13.8)32 (49.2)RefRef
50-64203 (46.1)91 (44.8)85 (41.9)27 (13.3)112 (55.2)1.27 (0.73 to 2.22)0.404
≥ 65172 (39.1)62 (36.0)77 (44.8)33 (19.2)110 (64.0)1.83 (1.03 to 3.26)0.040
Sex, female233 (53.0)79 (33.9)109 (46.8)45 (19.3)154 (66.1)2.09 (1.42 to 3.06)< 0.0001
BMI, ≥ 24 kg/m2124 (49.8)63 (50.8)45 (36.3)16 (12.9)61 (49.2)0.95 (0.58 to 1.57)0.849
Epidemiological exposure3268 (60.9)123 (45.9)104 (38.8)41 (15.3)145 (54.1)0.68 (0.46 to 1.01)0.055
Smoking history62 (20.9)21 (33.9)31 (50.0)10 (16.1)41 (61.1)1.48 (0.84 to 2.61)0.176
Comorbidities4285 (64.8)109 (38.2)123 (43.2)53 (18.6)176 (61.8)1.59 (1.07 to 2.37)0.021
Hypertension181 (41.1)69 (38.1)83 (45.9)29 (16.0)112 (61.9)1.34 (0.91 to 1.97)0.141
Diabetes136 (30.9)48 (35.3)53 (39.0)35 (25.7)88 (64.7)1.52 (1.00 to 2.31)0.048
Cardiovascular disease56 (12.7)22 (39.3)19 (33.9)15 (26.8)34 (60.7)1.15 (0.65 to 2.04)0.628
Cerebrovascular disease16 (3.6)4 (25.0)8 (50.0)4 (25.0)12 (75.0)2.26 (0.72 to 7.11)0.165
Chronic renal disease21 (4.8)11 (52.4)9 (42.9)1 (4.8)10 (47.6)0.65 (0.27 to 1.57)0.340
Chronic liver disease12 (2.7)4 (33.3)7 (58.3)1 (8.3)8 (66.7)1.48 (0.44 to 4.99)0.527
Chronic hepatitis B8 (1.8)2 (25.0)5 (62.5)1 (12.5)6 (75.0)2.23 (0.44 to 11.15)0.331
Other chronic liver disease54 (0.9)2 (50.0)2 (50.0)0 2 (50.0)0.73 (0.10 to 5.23)0.754
Chronic respiratory disease31 (7.0)16 (51.6)9 (29.0)6 (19.4)15 (48.4)0.67 (0.32 to 1.39)0.278
Signs and symptoms at disease onset
Fever (temperature ≥ 37.3 °C)369 (85.8)149 (40.4)159 (43.1)61 (16.5)220 (59.6)1.63 (0.95 to 2.81)0.079
Sputum236 (53.6)93 (39.4)104 (44.1)39 (16.5)143 (60.6)1.29 (0.88 to 1.88)0.191
Dyspnoea 243 (55.2)82 (33.7)116 (47.7)45 (18.5)161 (66.3)2.2 (1.49 to 3.23)< 0.0001
Haemoptysis 63 (14.3)25 (39.7)26 (41.3)12 (19.0)38 (60.3)1.13 (0.66 to 1.95)0.653
Chest pain/tightness227 (51.6)88 (38.8)100 (44.1)39 (17.2)139 (61.2)1.35 (0.92 to 1.97)0.125
Pharyngalgia/nasal congestion/running94 (21.4)47 (50.0)33 (35.1)14 (14.9)47 (50.0)0.67 (0.42 to 1.06)0.088
Headaches/dizziness135 (30.7)57 (42.2)54 (40.0)24 (17.8)78 (57.8)1.00 (0.67 to 1.51)0.989
Myalgia/fatigue289 (65.7)122 (42.2)120 (41.5)47 (16.3)167 (57.8)1.01 (0.68 to 1.50)0.973
Nausea/vomiting133 (30.2)53 (39.8)59 (44.4)21 (15.8)80 (60.2)1.15 (0.76 to 1.75)0.498
Abdominal pain70 (15.9)29 (41.4)26 (37.1)15 (21.4)41 (58.6)1.04 (0.62 to 1.75)0.876
Diarrhea 185 (42.0)78 (42.2)83 (44.9)24 (13.0)107 (57.8)1.01 (0.69 to 1.48)0.968
On-admission vital signs
Temperature, ≥ 37.3 °C103 (23.8)26 (25.2)50 (48.5)27 (26.2)77 (74.8)2.74 (1.67 to 4.49)< 0.0001
Respiratory rate, ≥ 30 breaths per min53 (12.1)13 (24.5)21 (39.6)19 (35.8)40 (75.5)2.50 (1.30 to 4.82)0.006
Pulse oximeter O2 saturation, ≤ 93%146 (35.0)25 (17.1)82 (56.2)39 (26.7)121 (82.9)6.37 (3.89 to 10.43)< 0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, < 90 mmHg4 (0.9)2 (50.0)2 (50.0)0 2 (50.0)0.74 (0.10 to 5.27)0.760
Heart rate, > 125 beats per min23 (5.2)5 (21.7)10 (43.5)8 (34.8)18 (78.3)2.77 (1.01 to 7.61)0.048
Severity of illness
In-hospital disease severity status, general128 (29.1)88 (68.8)37 (28.9)3 (2.3)40 (31.3)RefRef
Severe184 (41.8)80 (43.5)84 (45.7)20 (10.9)104 (56.5)2.86 (1.78 to 4.59)< 0.0001
Critical128 (29.1)18 (14.1)64 (50.0)46 (35.9)110 (85.9)13.44 (7.21 to 25.07)< 0.0001
qSOFA score, 0231 (52.7)114 (49.4)95 (41.1)22 (9.5)117 (50.6)RefRef
1179 (40.9)59 (33.0)80 (44.7)40 (22.3)120 (67.0)1.98 (1.32 to 2.97)< 0.0001
2-328 (6.4)13 (46.4)9 (32.1)6 (21.4)15 (53.6)1.12 (0.51 to 2.47)0.770
CURB-65 score, 0-1330 (75.3)159 (48.2)132 (40.0)39 (11.8)171 (51.8)Ref
271 (16.2)17 (23.9)41 (57.7)13 (18.3)54 (76.1)2.95 (1.64 to 5.31)< 0.0001
3-537 (8.4)10 (27.0)11 (29.7)16 (43.2)27 (73.0)2.51 (1.18 to 5.35)0.017
Routine blood results
White blood cell count, < 3.5 × 109/L44 (10.0)17 (38.6)19 (43.2)8 (18.2)27 (61.4)0.68 (0.35 to 1.29)0.234
3.5-9.5313 (71.3)151 (48.2)126 (40.3)36 (11.5)162 (51.8)RefRef
> 9.582 (18.7)18 (22.0)40 (48.8)24 (29.3)64 (78.0)2.24 (1.00 to 4.99)0.049
Lymphocyte count, < 1.1 × 109/L232 (52.8)62 (26.7)115 (49.6)55 (23.7)170 (73.3)4.1 (2.74 to 6.12)< 0.0001
Neutrophil count, > 6.3 × 109/L149 (33.9)44 (29.5)73 (49.0)32 (21.5)105 (70.5)2.29 (1.50 to 3.49)< 0.0001
Hemoglobin, < 130 g/L for male; < 115 g/L for female194 (44.4)85 (43.8)76 (39.2)33 (17.0)109 (56.2)0.90 (0.61 to 1.31)0.576
Platelet count, < 125 × 109/L59 (13.5)17 (28.8)31 (52.5)11 (18.6)42 (71.2)1.98 (1.09 to 3.6)0.026
Biochemical results-basic values
Albumin, < 35 g/L232 (52.7)58 (25.0)118 (50.9)56 (24.1)174 (75.0)4.80 (3.19 to 7.22)< 0.0001
ALT, > 41 U/L for male; > 33 U/L for female113 (25.7)0 77 (68.1)36 (31.9)113 (100.0%)--
AST, > 40 U/L for males; > 32 U/L for females144 (32.7)0 91 (63.2)53 (36.8)144 (100.0)--
Total bilirubin, > 26 mmol/L for males; > 21 mmol/L for females25 (5.7)0 12 (48.0)13 (52.0)25 (100.0)--
Direct bilirubin, > 8.0 mmol/L61 (13.9)4 (6.6)29 (47.5)28 (45.9)57 (93.4)13.16 (4.68 to 37.01)< 0.0001
Lactate dehydrogenase, > 225 U/L for males; > 214 U/L for females332 (75.5)105 (31.6)162 (48.8)65 (19.6)227 (68.4)6.49 (3.96 to 10.62)< 0.0001
γ-Glutamyl transferase, > 71 U/L for males; > 42 U/L for females115 (26.4)20 (17.4)62 (53.9)33 (28.7)95 (82.6)5.12 (3.01 to 8.7)< 0.0001
Creatinine, > 104 μmol/L for males; > 84 μmol/L for females70 (16.0)22 (31.4)31 (44.3)17 (24.3)48 (68.6)1.73 (1.01 to 2.99)0.048
C-reactive protein, ≥ 1 mg/L369 (87.6)145 (39.3)161 (43.6)63 (17.1)224 (60.7)2.92 (1.59 to 5.36)0.0010
Coagulation and inflammation index results
Prothrombin time, ≤ 14.5 s289 (66.3)144 (49.8)116 (40.1)29 (10.0)145 (50.2)0.35 (0.23 to 0.54)< 0.0001
Prothrombin activity, < 75%82 (18.8)14 (17.1)43 (52.4)25 (30.5)68 (82.9)4.39 (2.38 to 8.09)< 0.0001
Activated partial thromboplastin time, > 42.0 s166 (38.2)46 (27.7)89 (53.6)31 (18.7)120 (72.3)2.69 (1.77 to 4.07)< 0.0001
D-dimer, > 0.5 μg/mL 295 (68.4)87 (29.5)145 (49.2)63 (21.4)208 (70.5)5.17 (3.33 to 8.03)< 0.0001
Serum ferritin, > 400 μg/L for males; > 150 μg/L for females319 (81.0)111 (34.8)153 (48.0)55 (17.2)208 (65.2)6.91 (3.80 to 12.57)< 0.0001
Interleukin-6, ≥ 7 pg/mL255 (62.3)73 (28.6)123 (48.2)59 (23.1)182 (71.4)4.62 (3.01 to 7.08)< 0.0001
Interleukin-10, ≥ 5 pg/mL177 (44.1)41 (23.2)90 (50.8)46 (26.0)136 (76.8)4.67 (3.01 to 7.25)< 0.0001
Procalcitonin, ≥ 0.5 ng/mL57 (13.6)10 (17.5)29 (50.9)18 (31.6)47 (82.5)3.76 (1.84 to 7.68)< 0.0001
Imaging features
Bilateral 381 (93.2)155 (40.7)162 (42.5)64 (16.8)226 (59.3)2.62 (1.18 to 5.84)0.018
Ground-glass opacity 306 (74.8)119 (38.9)131 (42.8)56 (18.3)187 (61.1)1.73 (1.10 to 2.72)0.017
Consolidation 89 (21.8)29 (32.6)36 (40.4)24 (27.0)60 (67.4)1.69 (1.03 to 2.78)0.037
Pleural effusion47 (11.5)6 (12.8)25 (53.2)16 (34.0)41 (87.2)5.85 (2.42 to 14.13)< 0.0001
Table 2 Outcomes for 440 patients of coronavirus disease 2019, stratified by severity of cumulative liver abnormality or injury

All patients (n = 440)
Normal cumulative LB (n = 186)
Cumulative LBA (n = 185)
Cumulative ALI (n = 69)
Cumulative LBAI (n = 254)
P value1
Outcomes
Discharge304 (69.1)166 (54.6)117 (38.5)21 (6.9)138 (45.4)< 0.00012
Death98 (22.3)11 (11.2)45 (45.9)42 (42.9)87 (88.8)
Still in hospital38 (8.6)9 (23.7)23 (60.5)6 (15.8)29 (76.3)
ICU admission91 (20.7)11 (12.1)45 (49.5)35 (38.5)80 (88.0)< 0.0001
Time from illness onset to hospital admission (median, IQR), d43819 (11 to 35)13 (9 to 19)11 (8 to 16)12 (9 to 18)< 0.0001
Hospital stay time (median, IQR), d 40212 (6 to 22)19 (11 to 29)17 (8 to 28)19 (10 to 29)< 0.0001
Time from illness onset to death (median, IQR), d9319 (9 to 26)23 (16 to 33)28 (18 to 33)25 (17 to 33)0.037
Time from illness onset to discharge (median, IQR), d30340 (32 to 49)40 (34 to 51)42 (31 to 51)40 (34 to 50)0.088
Time from illness onset to last day of follow-up (median, IQR), d3761 (52 to 66)59 (49 to 64)58 (52 to 67)59 (51 to 65)0.689
Time from illness onset to ICU admission (median, IQR), d9015 (13 to 25)18 (11 to 30)19 (14 to 26)18 (12 to 26)0.478
Duration of viral shedding after illness onset (median, IQR), d29833 (24 to 42)30 (25 to 38)26 (21 to 36)30 (24 to 38)0.172