Role of cell-free network communication in alcohol-associated disorders and liver metastasis

Table 1 Summary of exosome miRNA signatures as cancer biomarkers

Exosomal miRNA	Expression profile	Mode of action	Type of cancer	Ref.
miR-320d	Upregulated	Predicts metastasis	CRC	Tang et al[41]
miR-106b-3p	Upregulated	Promotes metastasis	CRC	Liu et al[163]
miR-6803-5p	Upregulated	Prognosis marker	CRC	Yan et al[42]
miR-874	Upregulated	Prognosis marker	GC	Zhang et al[164]
miR-30a-5p	Downregulated	Diagnostic tool	CRC	Sun et al[40]
miR-21	Upregulated	Diagnostic tool	CRC	Bastaminejad et al[111]
miR-135b-5p	Upregulated	Metastatic marker	CRC	Li et al[122]
miR-150-5p	Downregulated	Prognosis, marker	CRC	Zou et al[123]
miR-183-5p	Upregulated	Angiogenesis	CRC	Shang et al[124]
miR-155	Upregulated	Diagnostic tool	CRC	Lv et al[125]
miR-16-5p	Upregulated	Regulation of ITGA2	CRC	Xu et al[165]
miR-497	Downregulated	Prognosis marker	CRC	Zou et al[126]
miR-4461	Downregulated	Regulation of COPB2	CRC	Chen et al[43]
miR-146a	Upregulated	Invasion and metastasis	BC	Yang et al[45]
miR-125a-3p, miR-320c	Upregulated	Stage I marker	CC	Wang et al[166]
miR-4772-3p	Upregulated	Stage II & III marker	CC	Liu et al[167]
miR-21, miR-10b	Upregulated	Metastatic marker	HCC	Tian et al[44]
miR-1290, miR-375	Upregulated	Prognostic marker	CRPC	Huang et al[129]
miR-373, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c	Upregulated	Tumor progression	EOC	Meng et al[131]
mir-181b-5p	Downregulated	Diagnostic tool	GC	Yun et al[127]

CRC: Colorectal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; ITGA2: Integrin alpha 2; COPB2: COPI coat complex subunit beta 2; BC: Breast cancer; Stage I, II, III: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Stages I, II, III and IV; CC: Colon cancer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CRPC: Castration-resistant prostate cancer; EOC: Epithelial ovarian cancer.

Table 2 Extracellular vesicle components in cancer progression and metastasis

EV cargo	Type of molecule	Action on recipient cells/tissue	Type of cancer	Ref.
CEA	Protein	Inflammation	Colorectal	Yokoyama et al[162]
KRAS	Protein	Invasiveness in recipient cells	Colorectal	Beckler et al[152]
ITG	Protein	Metastatic organotropism	Breast	Hoshino et al[96]
TNC	ECM protein	Stem cell niche formation	Breast	Oskarsson et al[97]
MIF	Protein	Liver premetastatic niche formation	Pancreatic	Costa-Silva et al[168]
ZFAS1	lncRNA	Cancer growth/metastasis	Gastric	Pan et al[119]
Amino acids, lipids, TCA-cycle intermediates	Metabolites	Cancer growth	Prostate	Zhao et al[132]

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene; ITG: Integrins; TNC: Tenascin C; MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; ZFAS1: ZNFX1 antisense RNA1; LncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; ECM: Extracellular matrix.