Endoscopic ultrasound-guided vascular interventions: Current insights and emerging techniques

Table 1 Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastric varices treatment

Type of Intervention	Year	Ref.	Number of patients, n (%)	Follow up (mo)	Obliteration of varices/Clinical success %	Recurrent bleeding rate %	Adverse events %
CYA glue	2019	Lôbo et al[13]	16	9.9	75%	-	50%
CYA glue	2014	Gubler and Bauerfeind[23]	40	-	100%	15%	5%
CYA glue	2019	Bick et al[24]	64	6.6	96.9%	8.8%	17.5%
CYA glue	2013	Romero-Castro et al[26]	19	6	94.7%	0%	57.9%
CYA glue	2018	Krill et al[62]	10	4	100%	-	0%
Coil	2013	Romero-Castro et al[26]	11	6	90.9%	0%	9.1%
Coil	2018	Krill et al[62]	6	4	100%	-	0%
Coil	2010	Romero-Castro et al[63]	4	5 (1-3)	75%	0%	0%
Coil and CYA Glue	2019	Lôbo et al[13]	16	9.9	73.3%	-	25%
Coil and CYA Glue	2019	Kozieł et al[14]	16	10.9	100%	-	37.5%
Coil and CYA Glue	2018	Krill et al[62]	12	4	100%	-	8%

CYA: Cyanoacrylate.

Table 2 Case report studies on endoscopic ultrasound-guided rectal varices treatment

Ref.	Presenting symptom	Number of patients, age, sex	Rectal varices size	Therapy	Results	Follow up	Results on follow up
Philips and Augustine[64], 2017	Rectal bleeding	1, 48 yr, M	Large rectal varix	EUS-guided embolization coil and glue	No further bleeding	1 mo	No rebleeding
Bazarbashi et al[65], 2020	Rectal bleeding	1, 71 yr, M	Large rectal varices (4 mm in diameter)	EUS-guided coil embolization	No further bleeding	6 mo	No bleeding
Mukkada et al[66], 2017	Rectal bleeding	1, 65 yr, M	Large rectal varices	First EUS-guided sclerotherapy, but unable to achieve hemostasis, EUS guided glue	No further bleeding	1 wk	Rebleeding and then required EUS-guided coil embolization

F: Female; M: Male; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 3 Case report studies on endoscopic ultrasound-guided treated for pseudoaneurysm

Ref.	Presenting symptom	Number of patients, age and sex	Pseudoaneurysm artery	Therapy	Results	Follow up	Results on follow up
Gamanagatti et al[35], 2015	Pancreatitis with upper GI bleed in all three cases	3; 56, 45 and 30 yr; M	Gastroduodenal artery-1, splenic artery for 2 patients	EUS-guided thrombin injection	Bleeding stopped, Obliteration of pseudoaneurysm	1 mo	No bleeding
Robb et al[67], 2012	Infected pseudoaneurysm	1, 54 yr, M	Superior mesenteric artery branch	EUS-guided embolization	Obliteration of pseudoaneurysm	5 mo	Asymptomatic
Somani et al[68], 2017	Melena	1, 50 yr, M	Gastroduodenal artery	EUS-guided coil embolization and thrombin injection	Obliteration of pseudoaneurysm	2 wk	No further bleeding
Jhajharia et al[69], 2018	Chronic pancreatitis, GI bleed	3; 43, 25 and 55 yr; M	Gastroduodenal artery, hepatic artery, splenic artery	EUS-guided thrombin injection	Obliteration of pseudoaneurysm	14 d	No rebleeding

F: Female; M: Male; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; GI: Gastrointestinal; N/A: Not applicable.