Serum vitamin D and vitamin-D-binding protein levels in children with chronic hepatitis B

Table 1 Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and vitamin-D-binding protein in patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy controls

Factor	CHB, n = 204	Healthy controls, n = 170	χ2/Z/t value1	P value1
Sex, M/F	133/71	108/62	0.11	0.737
Age in mo	61.00 (37.0-97.75)	56.00 (32.75-82.25)	1.27	0.205
ALT in IU/L	30.22 (17.80-63.36)	15.00 (8.75-24.25)	9.37	< 0.001
AST in IU/L	38.25 (28.70-64.98)	25.00 (17.00-31.50)	10.44	< 0.001
TBil in μmoL/L	8.67 (6.61-12.65)	7.00 (5.60-9.25)	4.57	< 0.001
ALB in g/L	42.52 ± 3.53	42.10 ± 5.39	0.88	0.383
PT in s	13.34 ± 0.80	11.37 ± 0.91	22.22	< 0.001
25(OH)D, nmoL/L	56.64 ± 17.89	75.48 ± 28.28	7.52	< 0.001
VDBP, μg/L	122.40 (70.74-262.84)	643.25 (415.74-1034.43)	14.89	< 0.001
Calcium, mmoL/L	2.24 ± 0.15	2.44 ± 0.16	11.99	< 0.001
Phosphorus, mmoL/L	1.47 ± 0.12	1.69 ± 0.16	14.80	< 0.001

¹Normal distribution measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by the t test to determine the difference between two groups. Non-normal distribution measurement data were expressed as median (interquartile range) and analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test to determine the difference between two groups. Numerical data were expressed as rate and analyzed by χ² test. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; F: Female; M: Male; PT: Prothrombin time; TBil: Total bilirubin; VDBP: Vitamin-D-binding protein.

Table 2 Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and vitamin-D-binding protein in different groups of children with chronic hepatitis B

Group (n)	25(OH)D, nmoL/L	Z/t/H value1	P value1	VDBP, μg/L	Z/H value1	P value1
HBeAg		1.70	0.091		3.81	< 0.001
Positive (164)	57.69 ± 18.06			106.95 (68.44-203.21)
Negative (40)	52.35 ± 16.73			257.23 (135.61-342.96)
HBV genotype2		0.32	0.753		2.51	0.012
Genotype B (131)	55.69 ± 17.63			105.00 (69.30-199.35)
Genotype C (23)	56.93 ± 17.69			75.40 (42.75-123.10)
HBsAg		1.77	0.076		4.32	< 0.001
Positive (193)	56.26 ± 18.17			113.87 (69.90-217.03)
Negative (11)	56.60 (54.37-72.96)			439.65 (259.27-510.45)
HBV DNA		0.77	0.441		4.75	< 0.001
Detectable (164)	57.12 ± 18.14			105.75 (66.39-193.73)
Undetectable (40)	54.69 ± 16.91			284.18 (152.64-406.14)
Fibrosis grades2		29.81	< 0.001		8.81	0.032
Grade 0 (27)	61.86 ± 13.63			90.00 (61.20-121.45)
Grade 1 (74)	54.97 ± 13.63			117.03 (65.74-275.76)
Grade 2 (12)	43.99 (35.79-55.15)			174.88 (121.34-292.94)
Grade 3 (9)	32.95 (28.61-35.20)			78.13 (35.05-176.75)

¹Normal distribution measurement data were analyzed by t test to determine the difference between two groups. For non-normal distribution measurement data, Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and vitamin-D-binding protein between two groups, and Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied to analyze the difference among multiple groups.

²Statistical analysis was based on the actual number of completed cases because of the missing values. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; VDBP: Vitamin-D-binding protein.

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of hepatic fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B

Factor	Without hepatic fibrosis, n = 27	Hepatic fibrosis, n = 97	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			Z/t/χ2 value1	P value1	OR (95%CI)1	P value1
Age in mo	54.00 (32.0-98.0)	63.00 (40.00-95.00)	0.83	0.407
Male/female	18/9	63/34	0.03	0.868
ALT in IU/L	32.03 (16.40-57.0)	43.48 (20.15-88.64)	0.98	0.330
AST in IU/L	39.11 (27.50-65.30)	47.30 (30.65-83.10)	1.14	0.254
TBil in μmoL/L	6.77 (6.10-8.80)	9.20 (6.98-14.20)	2.86	0.004	1.053 (0.938-1.182)	0.384
ALB in g/L	42.98 ± 2.17	42.30 ± 3.27	1.27	0.209
PT in s	13.29 ± 0.76	13.26 ± 0.78	0.18	0.860
25(OH)D, nmoL/L	61.86 ± 13.63	51.22 ± 14.67	3.38	0.001	0.951 (0.918-0.985)	0.005
VDBP, μg/L	90.00 (61.20-121.45)	134.50 (71.25-267.18)	1.98	0.047	1.001 (0.999-1.003)	0.316
Calcium, mmoL/L	2.30 ± 0.16	2.27 ± 0.15	0.88	0.383
Phosphorus, mmoL/L	1.48 ± 0.12	1.45 ± 0.12	1.19	0.237
HBV DNA in log10 IU/mL	5.40 (2.00-7.31)	6.88 (5.53-7.64)	2.40	0.017	1.445 (1.163-1.794)	0.001
HBeAg positive/negative	26/1	73/24	5.81	0.016	0.138 (0.017-1.160)	0.068

¹Normal distribution measurement data, non-normal distribution measurement data and numerical data were analyzed by t test, Mann-Whitney U test and χ² test to determine the difference between two groups, respectively. Binary multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to further analyze the statistically significant factors determined by univariate analysis. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CI: Confidence interval; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; OR: Odds ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; TBil: Total bilirubin; VDBP: Vitamin-D-binding protein.