Emerging wearable technology applications in gastroenterology: A review of the literature

Table 1 Summary of wearable technology along with clinical applications

Ref.	Device name	Device type	Clinical applications
[5,12,13,20,21]	Fitbit; Apple Watch; Amazon Halo	Wrist Wearable	Daily activity monitoring (steps taken, energy expenditure, and sleep hygiene)
[11]	Sweatsenser	Wrist Wearable	Inflammatory bowel disease monitor and management
[27,28]	Electrogastrogram	Abdominal Wearable	Ambulatory monitoring, functional GI disorders screening, diagnosis, and management
[31,32,34]	AbStats; G-Tech Medical	Abdominal Wearable	Bowel sounds and movement monitoring, postoperative ileus and delayed gastric emptying
[27]	N/A	Smartphone App	Meal logs, exercise, bowel movement, and sleep synchronized to electrogastrogram recording
[39]	UCLA eIBD patient app	Smartphone App	Inflammatory bowel disease activity monitor
[40]	HealthPROMISE app	Smartphone App	Tracks symptoms, quality of life, follow up, and intervention integrated with electronic health record
[41,42]	StudentLife app	Smartphone App	Assess stress, sleep, activity, mood, mental well-being, and academic performance
[43]	PoopMD; Pooplog	Smartphone App	Records stool types, records bowel movements
[48]	N/A	Ingestible	Vital sign monitor, motility disorder diagnosis and management
[49]	IMBED	Ingestible	Gastrointestinal bleed diagnosis, management, and monitoring
[50]	N/A	Ingestible	Understand intestinal function, microbiota, and individual response to dietary change
[56]	Colon Capsule Endoscopy	Ingestible	Minimally invasive colonoscopy method
[57]	Digital Pills	Ingestible	Monitor medication adherence

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UCLA: University of California Los Angeles; GI: Gastrointestinal; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 2 Benefits, challenges, and future advances of wearable technology

Benefits	Challenges	Future research
Method of diagnosis, management, monitoring, and prevention of various gastrointestinal conditions; Remote patient monitoring; Reduce healthcare costs; Encourage better patient self-management and intervention; Improve health in vulnerable populations; Reduce spread of disease and protective tool for healthcare workers; Facilitate physician patient collaboration towards personalized medicine	Data inaccuracy; Privacy issues	Investigate data accuracy with improved hardware and software algorithms; Technological developments to ensure patient privacy; Regulations to ensure patient comfort with sharing data