Proteomic insights on the metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

Marker	Setting	Diagnostic accuracy	Ref.
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Serum	Higher in CD vs UC	Henriksen et al[24], 2008
		25% IBD patients have levels above normal	Vermeire et al[22], 2004
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies (ASCA)	Serum	39%-79% CD positive	Peyrin-Biroulet et al[25], 2015;
		5%-15% UC positive	Reumaux et al[26], 2004
		14%-18% HC positive	Bennike et al[27], 2014
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)	Serum	Different pattern in CD and UC	Peeters et al[31], 2001;
			Peyrin-Biroulet et al[30], 2007;
			Reumaux et al[29], 2003
		32% HC positive	Bernstein et al[32], 2011
Calprotectin	Colorectal mucus	Higher in IBD vs HC	Loktionov et al[79], 2016
		Higher in UC vs CD
Calgranulin C (S100A12)		Higher in UC vs CD
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)		Higher in IBD vs HC
		Higher in UC vs CD
Fecal calprotectin (FC)	Stool	It correlates with disease activity in adults	Gisbert et al[35], 2009
Lactoferrin	Stool	It distinguishes IBD from IBS	Bennike et al[27], 2014

CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; HC: Healthy controls; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 2 Proteomics in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis

Protein	Setting	Diagnostic accuracy	Ref.
Lactotransferrin	UC vs HC biopsies	It correlates to the colon inflammation grade score	Bennike et al[53], 2015
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)		Sign of chronic inflammation
Granzyme B and Perforin	CD Th1 and Th17 clones from intestinal mucosa	Higher in Th1 vs Th17	Riaz et al[58], 2016
RORC and FOXP3
Glycerol-3-phosphatedehydrogenase	UC biopsies inflamed vs non-inflamed	Higher in inflamed vs non-inflamed tissue	Poulsen et al[60], 2012
Alphaenolase		Lower in inflamed vs non- inflamed tissue
Keratins 10, 14, 19	UC intestinal epithelial cells	Higher in QUC vs HC	Moriggi et al[61], 2017
Keratin 8		Lower in QUC vs HC
Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes
Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes
Vinculin and α-tubulin
Keratin 8, 18	CD intestinal epithelial cells	Lower in QCD vs HC
Heat shock cognate-70 (HSC70)
Vinculin and α-tubulin		Higher in QCD vs HC
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)	CD serum	Higher in CD vs HC	Nanni et al[62], 2009
Complement 3 protein (C3)
Apolipoprotein A-IV
Apolipoprotein E		Lower in CD vs HC
L-lactate dehydrogenase	IBD and HC intestinal epithelial cells	Higher in IBD vs HC; Higher in CD vs UC	Shkoda et al[63], 2007
Carbonyl reductase
Keratin 19
Rho-GDI dissociation inhibitor α
Annexin 2	UC intestinal epithelial cells	Higher in UC vs HC
Programmed cell death protein 8 (PDCD8)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; QCD: Quiescent Crohn’s disease; QUC: Quiescent ulcerative colitis; HC: Healthy controls; CRC: Colorectal carcinoma.

Table 3 Proteomics in inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and response to therapy

Proteins	Setting	Diagnostic accuracy	Ref.
Platelet aggregation factor 4 (PF4)	Responder vs non-responder’s CD serum	Higher in non-responders	Mewuis et al[69], 2008
Proteins that regulate CD4+ T-cell activation	Serum before IFX treatment vs serum after IFX induction period	Higher before treatment	Gazouli et al[73], 2013
Proteins that regulate monocytes/macrophages activation
Tenascin C	Responder vs non-responder’s UC serum	Higher in non-responders	Magnusson et al[74], 2015

CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.