Major gastrointestinal bleeding and antithrombotics: Characteristics and management

Table 1 Patient characteristics according to gastrointestinal bleeding symptoms

Variable	Total (n = 1080)	Upper GI bleeding (n = 576)	Lower GI bleeding (n = 504)	P value
Female	454	40.6 (234)	43.7 (220)	0.3149
Age (yr)		78.5 ± 11.7	80.6 ± 11.0	0.0028
Arterial hypertension	735	66.7 (384)	69.6 (351)	0.2953
CAD	439	41.5 (239)	39.7 (200)	0.5456
Heart failure	166	16.8 (97)	13.7 (69)	0.1522
Diabetes mellitus	302	29.7 (171)	26 (131)	0.1770
Cancer	231	22.2 (128)	20.4 (103)	0.4752
PVD	190	20 (115)	14.9 (75)	0.0286
Chronic renal insufficiency	217	20.8 (120)	19.2 (97)	0.5160
Liver cirrhosis	58	7.1 (41)	3.4 (17)	0.0065
Alcohol consumption	117	13.2 (76)	8.1 (41)	0.0076
Tobacco use	93	11.6 (67)	5.2 (26)	0.0002
History of bleeding
GI	257	20.8 (120)	27.2 (137)	0.0275
ICH	20	2.60 (15)	1.00 (5)	-
Other	80	7.60 (44)	7.10 (36)	-
Gastro-duodenal ulcer	195	25.0 (144)	10.1 (51)	< 0.0001
With PPI treatment	85	37.5 (54)	60.8 (31)	0.0040
Antithrombotic treatment
VKA alone	321	30.6 (176)	28.8 (145)	0.3735
DOAC alone	66	4.86 (28)	7.54 (38)	-
Parenteral alone	53	4.17 (24)	5.75 (29)	-
AP mono alone	389	36.5 (210)	35.5 (179)	-
Dual AP alone	72	6.60 (38)	6.75 (34)	-
Other	179	17.4 (100)	15.7 (79)	-
MAP (mmHg) on admission		93 ± 20	93 ± 20	0.8971
Creatinine (µmol/L) on admission		104 ± 72	104 ± 67	0.9005
Hemoglobin (g/dL) on admission		11 ± 3	11 ± 3	0.9495

Values are percentages (frequency) or means ± SD; P values based on Student's t-test, chi-square or Fischer test. GI: Gastrointestinal; CAD: Coronary artery disease; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease; ICH: Intracranial hemorrhage; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; VKA: Vitamin K antagonist; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant; AP: Antiplatelet agent; MAP: Mean arterial pressure.