Metabolite profile comparisons between ascending and descending colon tissue in healthy adults

Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants (n = 24)

Characteristics	Total (n = 24)	Normal (n = 9)	Overweight (n = 9)	Obese (n = 6)
Sex
Males	5	0	4	1
Females	19	9	5	5
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2)	27.6 ± 5.8	22 ± 1	26.7 ± 1.3	35 ± 5
Total number of people with polyps removes	14	6	4	4
Total number polyps removed	-	14	13	22
Polyp Location
Cecum	-	1	0	3
Ascending	-	6	2	10
Transverse		2	1	1
Sigmoid	-	2	4	6
Rectum	-	0	6	0
Descending	-	3	0	2
History of hypertension
Yes	6	2	3	2
No	18	7	6	4
History of type 2 diabetes
Yes	3	0	2	1
No	21	9	7	5
Taking dietary supplements
Yes	14	4	8	2
No	10	5	1	4
Smoking history
Past smoker	9	2	6	1
Never	15	6	4	5

No participants had cancer detected from the screening exam. BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Fold-differences of colon and stool metabolites

Sub pathway	Biochemical name	Fold difference colon ascending/descending						Fold difference stool BMI comparisons
		NW	P value	OW	P value	OB	P value	Ow NW	P value	OB NW	P value	OB OW	P value
Methione, Cysteine, SAM and taurine metabolism	N-acetylglut-amine	1.47	0.027	1.15	0.412	1.13	0.534	1.20	0.711	3.44	0.029	0.35	0.096
Endocannabinoid	Oleoyl ethanolamide	1.6	0.038	1.06	0.790	1.55	0.109	0.23	0.261	1.94	0.174	0.12	0.026
	Linoleoyl ethanolamide	2.11	0.005	1.26	0.351	1.52	0.171	0.21	0.172	2.49	0.146	0.08	0.012
Phospholipid metabolism	Trimethylamine N-oxide	0.92	0.832	1.02	0.969	2.8	0.049	1.47	0.494	6.23	0.025	0.24	0.149
Phosphatidylethanolamine	1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-GPE (16:0/18:1)	0.77	0.145	0.66	0.029	0.7	0.113	2.63	0.044	2.57	0.244	1.02	0.322
Lysophospholipid	2-palmitoyl-GPC (16:0)1	1.52	0.019	1.18	0.317	0.93	0.709	0.84	0.667	2.81	0.061	0.30	0.039
	1-linoleoyl-GPG (18:2)1	1.55	0.030	1.26	0.239	1.05	0.819	1.25	0.335	3.45	0.001	0.36	0.010
Primary bile acid metabolism	Cholate	1.12	0.612	0.84	0.447	0.55	0.041	3.13	0.512	61.06	0.019	0.05	0.114
	Chenodeoxycholate	2.89	0.049	0.41	0.094	0.9	0.872	0.76	0.697	21.80	0.005	0.03	0.004
Secondary bile acid metabolism	Taurodeoxycholate	1.13	0.482	1.49	0.027	0.78	0.249	0.43	0.434	9.32	0.080	0.05	0.024
Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing	Cytidine	1.93	0.036	1.46	0.216	1.12	0.748	1.25	0.469	2.06	0.047	0.61	0.249

¹Not officially confirmed, but confident. Values presented are fold-change of the mean relative abundance within ascending verses descending colon tissue and BMI comparisons from stool. Bold indicates P value < 0.05. NW: Normal weight; OW: overweight; OB: Obese; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 3 Colon lipid metabolites with fold-differences by colon location and body mass index

Sub pathway	Biochemical name	Fold difference ascending/descending
		NW	P value	OW	P value	OB	P value
Long chain fatty acids	Palmitate (16:0)	1.3	0.02	1.0	0.75	0.7	0.04
		5	1	4	4	3	4
	Margarate (17:0)	1.2	0.13	0.8	0.33	0.7	0.03
		1	1	8		1	7
	Stearate (18:0)	1.3	0.01	0.9	0.61	0.6	0.01
		9	3	4	5	8	6
	Oleate/vaccenate (18:1)	1.5	0.04	1.2	0.36	0.9	0.80
			8		5	4	0
	Nonadecanoate (19:0)	1.1	0.29	0.8	0.26	0.6	0.01
		2		8	5	9	1
	Arachidate (20:0)	1.3	0.02	0.9	0.56	0.6	0.02
		5	5	3	4	9	5
	Eicosenoate (20:1)	1.4	0.04	1.1	0.56	1.0	0.88
		8	1	1	2	3	3
	Erucate (22:1n9)	1.5	0.03	1.0	0.81	1.1	0.47
		2	1	4	1	8	2
Polyunsaturated fatty acid	Dihomo-linolenate (20:3n3 or n6)	1.5	0.04	1.2	0.28	1.1	0.56
		9	1	6	5	6	7
	Dihomo-linoleate (20:2n6)	1.6	0.01	1.1	0.41	1.2	0.46
		8	7	8	7		3
Fatty acid, dicarboxylate	Dodecadienoate (12:2)1	0.9	0.64	0.8	0.26	0.7	0.03
		5	5	7	1	1	2
Ketone bodies	3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)	0.4	0.00	0.9	0.90	1.0	0.82
		8	5	7	4	7	5
Fatty acid, metabolism (Acyl choline)	Linoleoylcholine1	1.2	0.34	1.1	0.62	2.0	0.02
		6	4	3		6	1
Fatty acid, monohydroxy	2-hydroxystearate	1.3	0.04	0.9	0.67	0.7	0.13
			2	5	7	9	5
Eicosanoid	15-HETE	1.6	0.04	1.1	0.51	1.9	0.03
		9	5	8	5	3	9
Endocannabinoid	Oleoyl ethanolamide	1.6	0.03	2.2	0.79	1.5	0.10
			8	3		5	9
	Palmitoyl ethanolamide	1.3	0.02	1.0	0.56	1.1	0.42
		7	4	8	1	4	1
	Linoleoyl ethanolamide	2.1	0.00	1.2	0.35	1.5	0.17
		1	5	6	1	2	1
Phosphatidylethanolamine	1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-GPE (18:0/18:1)	0.8	0.28	0.6	0.01	0.7	0.15
		1	4		6		6
	1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPE (18:0/18:2)1	0.9	0.87	0.6	0.04	0.6	0.09
		7	5	5	3	5	7
	1,2-dioleoyl-GPE (18:1/18:1)	0.6	0.07	0.6	0.03	0.7	0.19
		9		5	8	3
	1-oleoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPE (18:1/22:6)1	0.6	0.01	0.7	0.08	0.4	0.00
		2		3	1	3	1
Lysophospholipid	1-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:1)1	1.5	0.03	1.3	0.20	1.2	0.33
		9	6	1	2	8	3
	1-linoleoyl-GPC (18:2)	1.6	0.00	1.5	0.01	1.4	0.08
			8	7	1	3	5
	1-arachidonoyl-GPC (20:4n6)1	1.74	0.035	1.55	0.092	1.39	0.285
	1-linoleoyl-GPS (18:2)1	1.8	0.00	1.4	0.07	1.2	0.31
		9	2	1	7	6	4
	1-palmitoyl-GPG (16:0)1	2.1	0.00	1.3	0.18	0.8	0.51
		1	5	8	3	3	5
	1-stearoyl-GPG (18:0)	2.1	0.00	1.3	0.16	0.8	0.66
		6	2	6		9	5
	1-oleoyl-GPG (18:1)1	1.6	0.01	1.0	0.66	1.1	0.47
				7	8	6	6
	1-palmitoyl-GPI (16:0)	1.5	0.04	1.1	0.55	0.7	0.31
		8	1	3	4	7	8
	1-stearoyl-GPI (18:0)	1.4	0.03	1.0	0.66	0.8	0.50
		9	4	8	3	7	7
	1-oleoyl-GPI (18:1)	1.6	0.02	1.2	0.24	0.9	0.81
		4	7	8	7	4	8
	1-linoleoyl-GPI (18:2)1	1.4	0.01	1.1	0.48	1.2	0.22
		8	7	1	8	6	5
Plasmalogen	1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-oleoyl-GPE (P-16:0/18:1)1	0.7	0.08	0.6	0.02	0.6	0.13
		1	9	2	2	9	8
	1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-oleoyl-GPC (P-16:0/18:1)1	0.7	0.10	0.6	0.01	0.7	0.16
		4	5	3	9	3
	1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-oleoyl-GPE (P-18:0/18:1)	0.7	0.23	0.6	0.03	0.7	0.31
		9	4	4	3	8	1
Monoacylglycerol	1-palmitoylglycerol (16:0)	1.3	0.25	2.6	0.00	1.2	0.53
		5	3	1	1	2	7
	1-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1)1	1.6	0.09	2.2	0.00	1.1	0.62
			2	3	7	8	3
	1-oleoylglycerol (18:1)	1.6	0.20	2.2	0.03	0.7	0.50
			5	5	6	4	7
	1-linolenoylglycerol (18:3)	1.5	0.07	2.0	0.00	1.0	0.82
		4	4	7	5	7	3
	1-dihomo-linolenylglycerol (20:3)	1.5	0.25	2.2	0.04	0.7	0.57
		5	1	6		7	4
	1-arachidonylglycerol (20:4)	1.5	0.21	2.3	0.01	1.1	0.78
		1	8	4	7	2	3
	2-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1)1	1.3	0.25	1.7	0.03	0.9	0.89
		4	7	7	4	6	8
	2-arachidonoylglycerol (20:4)	1.3	0.25	1.6	0.03	0.9	0.75
		1	3	8	5	1	2
Diacylglycerol	Linoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (18:2/18:3) (2)1	1.3	0.51	1.6	0.29	3.3	0.03
		4	7	1	6	2	9
Ceramides	N-palmitoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/16:0)	0.9	0.73	0.6	0.00	0.7	0.04
		6	1	9	8	3	9
	N-stearoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/18:0)1	1.0	0.57	0.7	0.03	0.8	0.33
		9	8		1	3	9
	N-palmitoyl-heptadecasphingosine (d17:1/16:0)1	0.9	0.95	0.7	0.04	0.8	0.20
		9	7	4	2		0
Hexosylceramides (HCER)	Glycosyl-N-palmitoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/16:0)	0.7	0.04	0.6	0.00	0.6	0.02
		4	8	2	3	7	9
Primary bile acid	Glycochenodeoxycholate	0.9	0.75	1.8	0.00	0.8	0.54
			8	6	3	7	0
	Taurochenodeoxycholate	1.0	0.98	1.6	0.45	0.8	1
		4	7	2	6	6
Secondary bile acid	Glycolithocholate sulfate	0.9	0.70	1.4	0.01	1	1
		5	3		2
	Deoxycholate	0.9	0.79	0.6	0.12	0.7	0.00
			7	8	3	3	9

¹Not officially confirmed, but confident. Values presented are fold-difference of the mean relative abundance between ascending/descending colon, by weight class. Bold indicates P value < 0.05. BMI: Body mass index; NW: Normal weight; OW: Overweight; OB: Obese.