Anhedonia and functional dyspepsia in obese patients: Relationship with binge eating behaviour

Table 1 Diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia[37]

Functional dyspepsia
One or more of the following:	And	No evidence of structural disease (including at upper endoscopy) that is likely to explain the symptoms
Bothersome postprandial fullness
Bothersome early satiation
Bothersome epigastric pain
Bothersome epigastric burning
Post Prandial distress syndrome		Epigastric pain syndrome
must include one or both of the following at least 3 d/w:		Must include at least 1 of the following symptoms at least 1 day/ w:
Bothersome postprandial fullness (i.e, strict enough to impact on usual activities)		Bothersome epigastric pain (i.e, severe enough to impact on usual activities)
Bothersome early satiation (i.e, severe enough to prevent finishing a regular-size meal)		Bothersome epigastric burning (i.e, severe enough to impact on usual activities)

Table 2 Demographic characteristics, anthropometric data, and prevalence of comorbidities in obese patients without Sleeve Gastrectomy and healthy control

	Ob without SG (n = 81)	HC (n = 55)
Gender (M/F)	23/58	18/37
Age (yr)	36.5 ± 1.3	36.7 ± 1.2
Weight (kg)	122.1 ± 3.2	64 ± 2.5b
BMI (kg/m2)	44.4 ± 0.9	23.2 ± 0.6b
Ethnic origin (Caucasian)	100	100
Smoking	27.7	14.3
Number of cigarettes per day	22.5 ± 3.7	11 ± 1.0
Diabetes	8.5	0
Hypertension	19.1	7.1
Dyslipidemia	25.5	14.3
Respiratory diseases	42.6	0b
Musculoskeletal disorders	19.1	0
BES	15.5 ± 0.9	5.4 ± 0.6b
STAI-Y1	39.7 ± 0.9	41.1 ± 1.7
STAI-Y2	40.1 ± 0.9	41.2 ± 1.6
BDI 2	13.8 ± 1.9	5.8 ± 0.5b
SHAPS	1.0 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1

Data are expressed as percentage (%) or as mean ± SE.

^bP < 0.01 vs HC. M: Male; F: Female; BMI: Body mass index; BES: Binge eating disorder; SHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale; BDI II: Beck depression inventory-II; STAI: State trait anxiety inventory; HC: Healthy control; Ob: Obese patients; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy.

Table 3 Frequency intensity scores of the studied gastrointestinal symptoms such as dysphagia for solids, dysphagia for liquids, regurgitation, heartburn, non-cardiac chest pain, cough, belching, nausea, bloating in obese patients without sleeve gastrectomy who were positive or negative for binge eating disorder

	Ob without SG positive for BED (n = 33)	Ob without SG negative for BED (n = 48)	p
Dysphagia for solids	0.34 ± 0.19	0.10 ± 0.07	0.20
Dysphagia for liquids	0	0.10 ± 0.07	0.22
Regurgitation	0.68 ± 0.24	1.33 ± 0.29	0.11
Heartburn	1.28 ± 0.39	1.45 ± 0.30	0.72
Non cardiac chest pain	0.21 ± 0.15	0.05 ± 0.05	0.28
Cough	0.14 ± 0.10	0.05 ± 0.05	0.40
Belching	0.72 ± 0.28	0.62 ± 0.22	0.76
Nausea	0.14 ± 0.10	0.18 ± 0.16	0.84
Bloating	1.52 ± 0.33	0.85 ± 0.26	0.11

Data were expressed as mean ± SE. BED: Binge eating disorders; Ob: Obese patients; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy.

Table 4 Demographic characteristics, anthropometric data, and prevalence of comorbidities in obese patients with sleeve gastrectomy

	Ob with SG (n = 45)
Gender (M/F)	7/38
Age (yr)	38.36 ± 1.6
Weight (kg)	88.47 ± 3.2
BMI (kg/m2)	32.74 ± 1.0
WL	29.61 ± 2.2
EWL (%)	53.41 ± 3.45
Months since the operation	25.67 ± 5.14
Ethnic origin (Caucasian %)	45
Smoking (%)	35.3%
Number of cigarettes per day	13.17 ± 3.5
Diabetes (%)	9.1%
Hypertension (%)	18.2%
Dyslipidemia (%)	36.4%
Respiratory diseases (%)	54.5%
Musculoskeletal disorders (%)	45.5%

Data are expressed as percentage (%) or as mean ± SE. M: Male; F: Female; BMI: Body mass index; WL: Weight loss; EWL: Excess weight loss; Ob: Obese patients; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy.

Table 5 Total mean scores at questionnaires in obese patients without sleeve gastrectomy and with sleeve gastrectomy

	Ob without SG	Ob with SG
BES	15.5 ± 0.9	9.4 ± 1.1b
STAI-Y1	39.7 ± 0.9	44.7 ± 1.1b
STAI-Y2	40.1 ± 0.9	44.7 ± 1.3b
BDI II	13.8 ± 1.9	6.8 ± 1.2b
SHAPS	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.3

Data are expressed as mean ± SE.

^bP < 0.01 vs OB with SG. BES: Binge eating disorder; SHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale; BDI II: Beck depression inventory-II; STAI: State trait anxiety inventory; Ob: Obese patients; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy.

Table 6 Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in obese without sleeve gastrectomy and obese with sleeve gastrectomy

	Ob without SG	Ob with SG
Dysphagia for solids	0.21 ± 0.09	0.15 ± 0.15
Dysphagia for liquids	0.06 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.15
Regurgitation	1.06 ± 0.2	1.38 ± 0.34
Heartburn	1.38 ± 0.23	0.96 ± 0.33
Non cardiac chest pain	0.12 ± 0.07	0.38 ± 0.22
Cough	0.09 ± 0.05	0.15 ± 0.15
Belching	0.66 ± 0.17	0.46 ± 0.20
Nausea	0.16 ± 0.09	0.42 ± 0.26
Bloating	1.13 ± 0.21	0.23 ± 0.17b

^bP < 0.01 vs Ob with SG. Ob: Obese patients; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy.