Impact of national Human Development Index on liver cancer outcomes: Transition from 2008 to 2018

Table 1 Comparisons of Human Development Index and age-standardized incidence rates, mortality rates, and mortality-to-incidence values for liver cancer between 2008 and 2018

	2008				2018				Transitions in a decade
Country	HDI	ASI	ASM	MIR	HDI	ASI	ASM	MIR	ΔHDI	ΔASI	ΔASM	ΔMIR
Argentina	0.786	3.4	3.2	0.958	0.825	3.6	3.2	0.889	0.039	0.24	-0.02	-0.069
Australia	0.924	3.5	2.7	0.764	0.939	5.7	4.8	0.842	0.015	2.23	2.15	0.078
Austria	0.876	5.1	4.4	0.856	0.908	5.4	4.3	0.796	0.032	0.32	-0.05	-0.060
Bahrain	0.806	4.7	4.7	0.994	0.846	3.4	3.3	0.971	0.040	-1.29	-1.36	-0.023
Bangladesh	0.484	3.8	3.8	0.992	0.608	2.2	2	0.909	0.124	-1.6	-1.77	-0.083
Botswana	0.624	2.8	2.7	0.964	0.717	3.9	3.8	0.974	0.093	1.12	1.12	0.010
Brazil	0.705	4.9	4.8	0.973	0.759	4.7	4.4	0.936	0.054	-0.19	-0.36	-0.037
Canada	0.903	3.3	2.9	0.870	0.926	5.3	4.5	0.849	0.023	1.98	1.61	-0.021
Chile	0.796	4.5	4.4	0.962	0.843	5.4	4.9	0.907	0.047	0.88	0.55	-0.055
China	0.665	25.7	23.7	0.922	0.752	18.3	17.1	0.934	0.087	-7.37	-6.58	0.012
Costa Rica	0.737	5.4	5.2	0.972	0.794	6.3	5.6	0.889	0.057	0.92	0.37	-0.083
Cuba	0.767	4.2	4.1	0.969	0.777	3.8	3.3	0.868	0.010	-0.38	-0.75	-0.100
Czech Republic	0.864	4.3	3.9	0.915	0.888	4.2	3.2	0.762	0.024	-0.06	-0.7	-0.154
Denmark	0.891	3.1	2.8	0.907	0.929	4.9	4.2	0.857	0.038	1.77	1.36	-0.050
Dominican Republic	0.677	8.7	8.2	0.948	0.736	6.5	5.8	0.892	0.059	-2.18	-2.43	-0.056
Egypt	0.633	9.3	9.1	0.981	0.696	32.2	31.8	0.988	0.063	22.95	22.73	0.007
El Salvador	0.668	5.2	5.2	0.992	0.674	6.7	6.5	0.970	0.006	1.47	1.31	-0.022
Fiji	0.684	6.9	6.7	0.965	0.741	8.3	8.2	0.988	0.057	1.4	1.54	0.023
France (metropolitan)	0.879	6.0	5.8	0.962	0.901	7.8	6.3	0.808	0.022	1.81	0.54	-0.154
Georgia	0.722	5.8	5.5	0.958	0.780	5.4	5.2	0.963	0.058	-0.37	-0.33	0.005
Germany	0.902	4.0	3.4	0.831	0.936	4.2	3.8	0.905	0.034	0.17	0.45	0.073
Greece	0.862	8.4	5.7	0.684	0.870	5.7	4.5	0.789	0.008	-2.65	-1.21	0.106
Guatemala	0.568	15.7	15.6	0.991	0.650	14.9	14.5	0.973	0.082	-0.84	-1.1	-0.018
Guinea	0.34	25.3	25.1	0.992	0.459	21.8	19.5	0.894	0.119	-3.49	-5.58	-0.097
Haiti	0.445	7.1	7.0	0.976	0.498	8.1	7.8	0.963	0.053	0.98	0.85	-0.013
Honduras	0.619	14.3	14.2	0.994	0.617	5.7	5.4	0.947	-0.002	-8.6	-8.81	-0.046
India	0.527	2.2	2.0	0.927	0.640	2.2	2	0.909	0.113	0.01	-0.03	-0.018
Indonesia	0.598	6.7	6.6	0.976	0.694	7.6	7.5	0.987	0.096	0.89	0.95	0.011
Italy	0.871	8.6	6.6	0.772	0.880	7.9	5.7	0.722	0.009	-0.69	-0.93	-0.050
Japan	0.896	11.2	9.2	0.815	0.909	7.6	5.4	0.711	0.013	-3.64	-3.76	-0.104
Kazakhstan	0.729	7.3	7.3	0.999	0.800	5.6	5	0.893	0.071	-1.73	-2.32	-0.106
Korea, Republic of	0.886	23.5	17.0	0.726	0.903	17.3	11.8	0.682	0.017	-6.17	-5.23	-0.044
Kyrgyzstan	0.611	8.2	8.2	0.993	0.672	9.5	8.7	0.916	0.061	1.27	0.53	-0.077
Libya	0.759	3.4	3.3	0.976	0.706	4.1	3.3	0.805	-0.053	0.75	0.0	-0.171
Lithuania	0.806	2.5	2.4	0.955	0.858	3.8	3.3	0.868	0.052	1.3	0.94	-0.087
Luxembourg	0.867	6.6	5.8	0.875	0.904	6.5	4.4	0.677	0.037	-0.1	-1.4	-0.198
Mexico	0.761	6.3	6.2	0.998	0.774	5.4	5.1	0.944	0.013	-0.85	-1.14	-0.054
Mongolia	0.641	94.4	79.9	0.847	0.741	93.7	75.4	0.805	0.100	-0.7	-4.51	-0.042
Nepal	0.443	1.4	1.4	0.964	0.574	1.1	1	0.909	0.131	-0.3	-0.35	-0.055
New Zealand	0.904	3.5	2.6	0.733	0.917	5.8	3.9	0.672	0.013	2.32	1.35	-0.060
Nicaragua	0.583	8.9	8.9	0.994	0.658	10.5	9.9	0.943	0.075	1.58	1.03	-0.052
Norway	0.941	1.8	1.3	0.714	0.953	3.4	2.9	0.853	0.012	1.58	1.6	0.139
Pakistan	0.495	2.5	2.5	0.988	0.562	3.1	3	0.968	0.067	0.6	0.53	-0.020
Panama	0.758	4.0	4.0	0.988	0.789	4.8	4.6	0.958	0.031	0.76	0.61	-0.029
Peru	0.712	7.2	7.2	0.990	0.750	6.6	6.3	0.955	0.038	-0.63	-0.86	-0.036
Philippines	0.635	10.6	10.0	0.940	0.699	11.5	11.4	0.991	0.064	0.91	1.45	0.052
Portugal	0.802	2.2	2.1	0.955	0.847	5.4	5.2	0.963	0.045	3.2	3.1	0.008
Qatar	0.825	6.5	6.5	0.994	0.856	4.1	4	0.976	0.031	-2.42	-2.48	-0.018
Saudi Arabia	0.76	3.6	3.6	0.975	0.853	4.5	4.2	0.933	0.093	0.86	0.65	-0.042
Singapore	0.855	10.2	9.0	0.890	0.932	12.3	11.4	0.927	0.077	2.15	2.37	0.037
Slovenia	0.875	4.7	4.6	0.972	0.896	5.8	5	0.862	0.021	1.08	0.41	-0.110
South African Republic	0.608	9.5	9.4	0.986	0.699	5	4.8	0.960	0.091	-4.54	-4.61	-0.026
Spain	0.871	5.8	4.6	0.797	0.891	6.5	4.7	0.723	0.020	0.68	0.06	-0.074
Sri Lanka	0.676	1.6	1.5	0.956	0.770	2.7	2.2	0.815	0.094	1.12	0.69	-0.141
Sudan	0.399	3.9	3.9	0.992	0.502	3.8	3.7	0.974	0.103	-0.12	-0.19	-0.019
Switzerland	0.892	4.9	3.8	0.784	0.944	4.8	4.1	0.854	0.052	-0.05	0.3	0.071
Tajikistan	0.597	4.9	4.9	0.992	0.650	4.7	4.4	0.936	0.053	-0.22	-0.48	-0.056
Thailand	0.672	29.7	25.4	0.856	0.755	21	20.9	0.995	0.083	-8.67	-4.51	0.139
Turkey	0.691	2.5	2.4	0.968	0.791	4.5	4.4	0.978	0.100	2.01	1.99	0.010
Turkmenistan	0.671	7.4	7.3	0.980	0.706	6	5.6	0.933	0.035	-1.43	-1.68	-0.046
United Kingdom	0.86	3.0	2.6	0.882	0.922	5.1	4	0.784	0.062	2.14	1.39	-0.097
United States of America	0.907	4.5	3.6	0.799	0.924	6.8	4.9	0.721	0.017	2.33	1.33	-0.078
Uzbekistan	0.624	4.8	4.7	0.992	0.710	5.6	4.7	0.839	0.086	0.82	-0.04	-0.152
Venezuela	0.73	3.7	3.7	0.992	0.761	3.6	3.5	0.972	0.031	-0.11	-0.18	-0.020

A total of 64 countries with age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized mortality-to-incidence ratio available in both years. HDI: Human Development Index; ASI: Age-standardized incidence rate; ASM: Age-standardized mortality rate; MIR: Age-standardized mortality-to-incidence ratio.

Table 2 Distribution of Human Development Index and 5-year net survival values for patients with liver cancer from 2008 to 2018

	2008		2018		Transitions in a decade
Country	HDI	Survival	HDI	Survival	ΔHDI	Δsurvival
Algeria	0.686	6.2	0.754	13.5	0.068	7.3
Argentina	0.786	14.1	0.825	12.6	0.039	-1.5
Australia	0.924	14.2	0.939	19.2	0.015	5
Austria	0.876	11.2	0.908	14.8	0.032	3.6
Belgium	0.882	21.3	0.916	20.7	0.034	-0.6
Brazil	0.705	15.4	0.759	11.2	0.054	-4.2
Bulgaria	0.765	4	0.813	6.5	0.048	2.5
Canada	0.903	17.4	0.926	18.7	0.023	1.3
Chile	0.796	3.6	0.843	3.7	0.047	0.1
China	0.665	11.7	0.752	14.1	0.087	2.4
Colombia	0.697	4.8	0.747	5.2	0.050	0.4
Croatia	0.795	9.2	0.831	9.3	0.036	0.1
Cyprus	0.827	8.4	0.869	10.6	0.042	2.2
Czech Republic	0.864	3	0.888	6.7	0.024	3.7
Denmark	0.891	4.4	0.929	7.5	0.038	3.1
Ecuador	0.714	8.1	0.752	5.9	0.038	-2.2
Estonia	0.832	5.5	0.871	4.2	0.039	-1.3
Finland	0.883	7.1	0.920	10.4	0.037	3.3
France (metropolitan)	0.879	14	0.901	18.3	0.022	4.3
Germany	0.902	12.5	0.936	13	0.034	0.5
Iceland	0.895	3.9	0.935	14.3	0.040	10.4
India	0.527	2.4	0.640	6.3	0.113	3.9
Ireland	0.909	11.6	0.938	14.2	0.029	2.6
Israel	0.882	15.1	0.903	18.9	0.021	3.8
Italy	0.871	15.9	0.880	20.3	0.009	4.4
Japan	0.896	25.7	0.909	30.1	0.013	4.4
Korea, Republic of	0.886	15.3	0.903	27.2	0.017	11.9
Kuwait	0.757	11.4	0.803	18.6	0.046	7.2
Latvia	0.803	12	0.847	12.9	0.044	0.9
Lithuania	0.806	7.9	0.858	8	0.052	0.1
Malta	0.829	4.2	0.802	9.6	-0.027	5.4
New Zealand	0.904	12.4	0.917	19	0.013	6.6
Norway	0.941	7.9	0.953	18.7	0.012	10.8
Poland	0.804	9.5	0.865	10.8	0.061	1.3
Portugal	0.802	13.6	0.847	18.7	0.045	5.1
Qatar	0.825	7.1	0.856	27.2	0.031	20.1
Russian Federation	0.748	7.4	0.816	6.3	0.068	-1.1
Singapore	0.855	13.2	0.932	24.7	0.077	11.5
Slovakia	0.831	5.6	0.855	7.6	0.024	2
Slovenia	0.875	3.8	0.896	7.4	0.021	3.6
Spain	0.871	14.4	0.891	17.3	0.020	2.9
Sweden	0.9	7.8	0.933	16.6	0.033	8.8
Switzerland	0.892	12.2	0.944	15.4	0.052	3.2
Thailand	0.672	7.7	0.755	6.9	0.083	-0.8
The Netherlands	0.904	10.1	0.931	15.8	0.027	5.7
Turkey	0.691	20.1	0.791	15.9	0.100	-4.2
United Kingdom	0.86	7.1	0.922	13	0.062	5.9
United States of America	0.907	12.5	0.924	17.4	0.017	4.9

A total of 48 countries with survival rates available in both years. HDI: Human Development Index.