Lumen-apposing metal stents for malignant biliary obstruction: Is this the ultimate horizon of our experience?

Table 1 Comparison of the main studies reporting patients treated with lumen-apposing metal stent for distal malignant biliary obstruction

Author	n, patients	EC-LAMS, n (%)	Technical success (%)	Clinical success (%)	Adverse events (%)
Kunda et al[50]	57	27 (47.4)	98.2	96.4	7
Tsuchiya et al[51]	19	19 (100)	100	94.7	36.8
Anderloni et al[48]	46	46 (100)	93.5	97.7	11.6
Jacques et al[55]	52	52 (100)	88.5	100	17.3

Clinical success is reported as percentage among patients with technical success. EC-LAMS: Electrocautery lumen-apposing metal stent.

Table 2 Comparison of the adverse events reported in the main studies with lumen-apposing metal stent for distal malignant biliary obstruction

Author	Migration	Bleeding	Obstruction	Cholangitis	Others
Kunda et al[50]	0	1.7% (1/57)	0	1.7% (1/57)	3.5% (2/57)
Tsuchiya et al[51]	0	0	26.3% (5/19)	10.5% (2/19)	10.5% (2/19)
Anderloni et al[48]	2.2% (1/46)	2.2% (1/46)	6.5% (3/46)	0	0
Jacques et al[55]	1.9% (1/52)	1.9% (1/52)	13.5% (7/52)	11.5% (6/52)	0

Others: Include perforation, pneumoperitoneum, fever. In the study from Jacques et al[55], 6 patients presented both stent obstruction and cholangitis (total adverse events: 9).