Imaging biomarkers for the treatment of esophageal cancer

Table 1 Summary of reports on computed tomography or magnetic resonance perfusion in esophageal cancer

	Year	Patients	Biomarker candidate	Prediction of treatment outcome
Hayano et al[14]	2007	31	Baseline BF (CT perfusion)	High baseline BF associated with good response and OS after CRT (31)
Makari et al[15]	2007	46	Baseline BF (CT perfusion)	High baseline BF associated with good response and OS after chemotherapy (36) and CRT (10)
Djuric-Stefanovic et al[17]	2015	40	Post-therapeutic BF (CT perfusion)	Post-therapeutic BF < 30 mL/min/100 g can predict pCR with 100% of sensitivity and specificity
Lei et al[13]	2015	25	Baseline Ktrans (MR perfusion)	Ktrans was significantly different between CR and non-CR after CRT
Sun et al[12]	2018	59	Change of Ktrans (MR perfusion)	Change in Ktrans was the best parameter to assess treatment response

BF: Blood flow; pCR: Pathological complete response; CRT: Chemoradiation therapy; OS: Overall survival; CT: Computed tomography.

Table 2 Summary of reports on diffusion-weighted imaging in esophageal cancer

	Year	Patients	Biomarker candidate	Prediction of treatment outcome
Aoyagi et al[33]	2011	80	Baseline ADC	High baseline ADC associated with favorable survival after CRT
Imanishi et al[36]	2013	27	Early change of ADC, post-CRT ADC	Increase of ADC/high post-CRT ADC associated with good response to CRT
De Cobelli et al[35]	2013	32	Baseline ADC	High baseline ADC associated with poor response to CRT
Van Rossum et al[39]	2015	20	Early change of ADC	Increase of ADC associated with good response to CRT
Wang et al[37]	2016	38	Early change of ADC, post-CRT ADC	Increase of ADC/high post-CRT ADC associated with good response to CRT
Li et al[38]	2017	28	Early change of ADC, post-CRT ADC	Increase of ADC/high post-CRT ADC associated with good response to CRT
Cong et al[34]	2019	52	Baseline ADC	High baseline ADC associated with good response to RT

ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; CRT: Chemoradiation therapy; RT: Radiation therapy.