Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current and future

Table 1 Phase III trials of checkpoint inhibitors

Trial identifier	Targets	Drugs	Other treatment	Patient group	Status	n	Estimated completion date
NCT03794440	PD-1	Sintilimab	vs Sorafenib	Advanced HCC	Recruiting	566	Dec 2022
	VEGF	Bevacizumab biosimilar
NCT03298451	CTLA-4	Tremelimumab	vs Sorafenib	HCC BCLC stage B not eligibile for locoregional therapy	Recruiting	1310	Jun 2021
	PD-L1	Durvalumab
NCT02702401	PD-1	Pembrolizumab	vs Placebo	Advanced HCC	Results available	408	Dec 2019
NCT02576509	PD-1	Nivolumab	vs Sorafenib	Advanced HCC	Active, not recruiting	726	July 2020
NCT03755739	PD-1	Pembrolizumab	Peripheral vs hepatic infusion following TACE	Advanced HCC	Recruiting	200	Nov 2021
NCT03062358	PD-1	Pembrolizumab	vs Placebo	Advanced HCC	Recruiting	450	Jan 2022
NCT03713593	PD-1	Pembrolizumab	vs Lenvatinib monotherapy	Advanced HCC	Recruiting	750	July 2022
	VEGR	Lenvatinib
NCT03847428	PD-L1	Durvalumab	Combination with resection/MWA vs resection/MWA alone	HCC eligible for curative resection/MWA	Not yet recruiting	888	June 2023
	VEGF	Bevacizumab
NCT03764293	PD-1	Camrelizumab	vs Sorafenib	Advanced HCC	Not yet recruiting	510	Jan 2022
	TKI	Apatinib
NCT03434379	PD-L1	Atezolizumab	vs Sorafenib	Advanced HCC	Recruiting	480	June 2022
	VEGF	Bevacizumab

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; MWA: Microwave ablation; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.