Recent advances in gastric cancer early diagnosis

Table 1 Dysregulated circulating microRNAs reported in gastric cancer patients

MicroRNA	Biological function	Type of biomarker	Origin of specimen	Sensitivity/specificity	Study
miR-21	Upregulated; discriminates between stage I and stage IV of GC	Diagnostic, prognostic	Serum, PBMC	88.4%/79.6% (serum) 81.3%/73.4% (PBMC)	Wu et al[57]
miR-196a/b	Upregulated; correlated with metastatic potential of the tumor, advanced stages, and poorer survival	Diagnostic, prognostic	Plasma	69.5%/97.6%	Tsai et al[59]
miR-200c	Upregulated; predictor of progression and survival.	Diagnostic, prognostic	Blood	65.4%/100%	Valladares-ayerbes et al[67]
miR-940	Downregulated	Diagnostic	Plasma	81.25 %/98.57 %	Liu et al[68]
miR-551b-5p	Upregulated	Diagnostic	Serum	77.5%/80.0%	Jiang et al[69]
miR-19b, miR-106a	Upregulated; correlated with lymphatic metastasis and advanced stages	Diagnostic, prognostic	Circulating exosomes	95%/90%	Wang et al[64]
miR-501-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-451a, miR-146a	Differentially expressed; prediction and prognosis of lymph node metastasis	Prognostic	Serum	87.78%/63.33%	Jiang et al[60]
miR-16, miR-25, miR-92a, miR-451, miR-486-5p	Differentially expressed; discriminate between early-stage of GC and cancer-free subjects	Diagnostic	Plasma	72.9%/89.2%	Zhu et al[61]
miR-200a-3p, miR-296-5p, miR-132-3p, miR-485-3p, miR-22-5p	Upregulated	Diagnostic	Serum	N/S	Wang et al[62]
miR10b-5p, miR132-3p, miR185-5p, miR195-5p, miR-20a3p, miR296-5p	Upregulated	Diagnostic	Serum	N/S	Huang et al[63]
miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-106b, let-7a	Differentially expressed	Diagnostic	Plasma	85.5%/80.0%	Tsujiura et al[70]
miR-146, miR-375, let-7, miR-19, miR-21	Differentially expressed in GC patients with H. Pylori infection	Diagnostic	Plasma	N/S	Ranjbar et al[65]

miR-: MicroRNA; GC: Gastric cancer; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; N/S: Not specified.

Table 2 Various aberrantly expressed circular RNAs with the potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer

circRNA name	Biological function	Type of biomarker	Origin of specimen	Sensitivity/specificity	Study
hsa_circ_002059	Downregulated in GC; correlated with TNM stage and metastasis	Diagnostic	Tissues; plasma	81%/62%	Li et al[94]
hsa_circ_0000096	Downregulated in GC; affects GC cell growth and migration	Diagnostic	Tissues	N/S	Li et al[99]
hsa_circ_0058246	Upregulated in GC; associated with poor clinical outcomes	Prognostic	Tissues	N/S	Fang et al[100]
hsa_circ_0000745	Downregulated in GC; correlated with tumor differentiation and tumor nodal metastasis	Prognostic	Tissues	85.5%/45%	Huang et al[101]
hsa_circ_00000181	Downregulated in GC; associated with TNM stage and metastasis	Prognostic	Plasma	99%/85.2%	Zhao et al[102]
hsa_circ_0047905, has-circRNA7690-15, hsa_circ_0138960	Substantially upregulated in GC; act as tumor promoters in the pathogenesis of GC	Diagnostic	Tissues	N/S	Lai et al[103]
hsa_circ_0014717	Downregulated in GC; stably expressed in gastric juice; associated with TNM stage and metastasis	Prognostic	Tissues	59.38%/81.25%	Shao et al[104]
hsa_circ_0001895	Downregulated in both GC tissue and gastric precancerous lesions	Diagnostic	Tissues	67.8%/85.7%	Shao et al[105]
has_circ_0000520	Downregulated in GC; associated with TNM stage and in GC plasma linked with CEA expression	Diagnostic	Tissues; plasma	53.57%/85.71% (tissue) 82.35%/84.44% (plasma)	Sun et al[106]
hsa_circ_0000190	Downregulated in GC; associated with TNM stage and metastasis	Diagnostic	Tissues; plasma	71.2%/75%	Chen et al[107]
hsa_circ_0001017 hsa_circ_0061276	Downregulated in GC; associated with shorter overall survival	Prognostic	Tissues; plasma	95.5%/95.7%	Li et al[108]

GC: Gastric cancer; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; circRNA: Circular RNA; N/S: Not specified.