Gut microbiota profile in healthy Indonesians

Table 1 General characteristics of the subjects (n = 80)

	n (%)
Gender
Male	30 (37.50)
Female	50 (62.50)
Ethnicity
Javanese	34 (42.50)
Balinese	40 (50.00)
Chinese	3 (3.75)
Ambonese	1 (1.25)
Bugis	1 (1.25)
Melayu	1 (1.25)
Weight (kg) (mean ± SD)	55.65 (14.35)
Height (cm) (mean ± SD)	156.07 (10.54)
Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean ± SD)	22.57 (4.54)

Table 2 Microbiota profile comparison (based on Yakult intestinal flora-scan)

No	Log10 bacterial cells/g feces mean ± SD (detection rate %)
	Type of Bacteria	Yogyakarta		Bali
		Young	Elderly	Young	Elderly
Phylum Firmicutes
1	Clostridium coccoides group	9.9 ± 0.5 (100)	9.3 ± 1.2a (100)	9.9 ± 0.5 (100)	9.4 ± 0.5c (100)
2	Clostridium leptum subgroup	9.7 ± 0.4 (100)	9.3 ± 1.1 (100)	9.6 ± 0.5 (100)	9.4 ± 0.6c (100)
3	Clostridium perfringens	5.6 ± 0.9 (100)	5.0 ± 1.1 (85)	6.7 ± 1.2e (100)	6.9 ± 1.4f (95)
4	Clostridium difficile	- (0)	- (0)	- (0)	- (0)
5	Total Lactobacillus	6.7 ± 1.1 (95)	7.2 ± 1.2 (95)	6.8 ± 1.1 (100)	7.1 ± 1.2 (100)
6	Lactobacillus plantarum subgroup	5.0 ± 1.0 (100)	4.1 ± 0.8a (85)	5.1 ± 1.1 (100)	4.8 ± 0.8f (100)
7	Lactobacillus gasseri subgroup	5.4 ± 1.1 (100)	6.4 ± 1.6a (90)	5.5 ± 1.2 (100)	5.6 ± 1.7 (90)
8	Lactobacillus reuteri subgroup	4.6 ± 0.8 (95)	5.3 ± 1.4a (90)	4.5 ± 0.9 (90)	4.9 ± 1.3 (100)
9	Lactobacillus ruminis subgroup	6.8 ± 1.6 (45)	7.6 ± 0.9 (35)	6.4 ± 1.7 (80e)	7.4 ± 1.3c (70f)
10	Lactobacillus casei subgroup	3.7 ± 0.6 (40)	4.9 ± 1.0a (25)	3.8 ± 0.8 (40)	3.6 ± 000.8f (35)
11	Lactobacillus sakei subgroup	3.6 ± 0.5 (35)	0b	3.1 ± 0.6 (55)	3.0 ± 0.6 (30f)
12	Lactobacillus fermentum	5.3 ± 0.8 (75)	5.9 ± 1.1 (80)	5.3 ± 0.8 (55)	5.1 ± 0.8f (60)
13	Lactobacillus brevis	3.9 ± 0.8 (50)	4.0 ± 0.9 (15a)	4.7 ± 0.9 (35)	3.7 ± 0.8 (40)
14	Lactobacillus fructivorans	- (0)	- (0)	- (0)	- (0)
15	Enterococcus	7.4 ± 0.7 (90)	7.1 ± 1.0 (90)	7.4 ± 0.9 (95)	7.9 ± 1.1f (95)
16	Streptococcus	8.4 ± 0.5 (95)	7.5 ± 1.6a (75)	8.0 ± 0.7 (95)	8.2 ± 0.7 (45d)
17	Staphylococcus	5.3 ± 0.5 (100)	5.1 ± 1.1 (90)	5.0 ± 0.6 (100)	5.2 ± 1.0 (100)
Phylum Bacteroidetes
18	B. fragilis group	8.9 ± 0.7 (100)	8.3 ± 1.1 (100)	9.3 ± 0.6 (100)	7.9 ± 1.1c (100)
19	Prevotella	10.0 ± 1.2 (85)	9.1 ± 1.6a (75)	9.4 ± 1.9 (80)	9.0 ± 1.1c (85)
Phylum Actinobacteria
20	Atopobium cluster	9.1 ± 0.6 (100)	8.9 ± 0.7 (100)	8.9 ± 0.7 (100)	9.0 ± 0.5 (100)
21	Bifidobacterium	9.4 ± 0.6 (100)	8.4 ± 1.3a (100)	8.6 ± 0.9f (100)	8.4 ± 1.2 (100)
Phylum Proteobacteria
22	Enterobacteriaceae	7.3 ± 0.8 (100)	7.8 ± 1.6 (100)	7.6 ± 0.9 (100)	8.4 ± 0.8c (100)
23	Pseudomonas	4.1 ± 0.6 (25)	4.7 ± 1.0 (30)	3.1 ± 0.0 (10)	4.2 ± 0.8 (55d)
24	Total Bacteria	10.6 ± 0.4 (100)	10.0 ± 1.0a(100)	10.5 ± 0.5 (100)	10.1 ± 0.5c (100)

^aP < 0.05 Yogyakarta Young vs Yogyakarta Elderly.

^bP < 0.01 Yogyakarta Young vs Yogyakarta Elderly.

^cP < 0.05 Bali Young vs Bali Elderly.

^dP < 0.01 Bali Young vs Bali Elderly.

^eP < 0.05 Yogyakarta Young vs Bali Young.

^fP < 0.05 Yogyakarta Elderly vs Bali Elderly.

Mann-Whitney U-test for bacterial cells/g feces, chi-square test for detection rate.

Table 3 Microbiota profile (culture method) in young and elderly subjects

Microbiota (Log10 CFU/g feces)	mean ± SD (detection rate %)		P value
	Younger (n = 40)	Elderly (n = 40)
Coliform	6.80 ± 0.83 (100)	7.20 ± 0.73 (100)	0.028
Escherichia coli	6.87 ± 0.74 (100)	7.29 ± 0.78 (100)	0.016
Yeast	4.17 ± 0.51 (53)	4.28 ± 0.50 (43)	0.411
Mold	0.0 ± 0.0 (0)	3.68 ± 0.27 (8)	-
Lactobacillus plantarum	4.16 ± 0.85 (8)	4.16 ± 0.03 (5)	1.000
Total LAB	7.03 ± 0.83 (100)	7.67 ± 1.23 (100)	0.008

Comparison of continuous variable was carried out using the Independent T test for normally distributed data and the Mann Whitney test for non-normally distributed data.

Table 4 Comparison between qPCR and culture method

Lactobacillus (Log10 CFU/g feces)	mean ± SD (detection rate %)
	Younger (n = 40)		Elderly (n = 40)
	Bali	Yogyakarta	Bali	Yogyakarta
Culture method	7.04 ± 0.87 (100)	7.01 ± 0.81 (100)	8.17 ± 0.99b (100)	7.17 ± 1.33a (100)
Yakult intestinal flora-scan	6.7 ± 1.1 (95)	7.2 ± 1.2 (95)	6.8 ± 1.1 (100)	7.1 ± 1.2 (100)

^aP < 0.05 Yogyakarta Elderly vs Bali Elderly;

^bP < 0.01 Bali Young vs Bali Elderly.