Surgical specimen extraction via a prophylactic ileostomy procedure: A minimally invasive technique for laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery

Table 1 Clinical characteristics n (%)

Characteristic	Experimental group (n = 155)	Control group (n = 176)	P value
Gender			0.842
Male	88 (56.8)	98 (55.7)
Female	67 (43.2)	78 (44.3)
Age (yr; mean ± SD)	55.5 ± 12.2	57.0 ± 11.6	0.250
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	23.9 ± 2.5	24.4 ± 3.1	0.171
ASA score
1	40 (25.8)	47 (26.7)	0.857
2	79 (51.0)	82 (46.6)
3	31 (20.0)	41 (23.3)
4	5 (3.2)	6 (3.4)
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation
Yes	48 (31.0)	52 (29.5)	0.811
No	107 (69.0)	124 (70.5)

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Operative outcomes

Variable	Experimental group (n = 155)	Control group (n = 176)	P value
Operating time (min; mean ± SD)	161.3 ± 21.5	168.8 ± 20.5	0.001
Estimated blood loss (mL; mean ± SD)	77.4 ± 30.7	85.9 ± 35.5	0.020
Diameter of stoma (cm; mean ± SD)	4.7 ± 0.5	4.0 ± 0.6	< 0.001
Time to first flatus (d; mean ± SD)	1.2 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.3	0.586
Time to first oral intake (d; mean ± SD)	1.9 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 0.5	0.062
Postoperative hospitalization (d; mean ± SD)	6.3 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.2	0.199
Postoperative pain score (mean ± SD)
The first day	2.6 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 1.1	< 0.001
The second day	1.6 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.7	0.012
The third day	0.6 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.6	0.628
No. of conversions to open surgery (%)	5 (3.2)	6 (3.4)	1.000

Table 3 Pathological outcomes n (%)

Variable	Experimental group (n = 155)	Control group (n = 176)	P value
Tumor size (cm; mean ± SD)	4.0 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.8	0.205
Proximal resection margin (cm; mean ± SD)	16.2 ± 7.1	15.4 ± 7.3	0.309
Distal resection margin (cm; mean ± SD)	2.2 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.4	0.477
No. of lymph nodes harvested (mean ± SD)	22.8 ± 5.3	21.7 ± 5.0	0.375
No. of patients with lymph nodes harvested < 12	10 (6.5)	13 (7.4)	0.830
Differentiation degree			0.963
Good	45 (29.0)	50 (28.4)
Moderate	62 (40.0)	73 (41.5)
Poor	48 (31.0)	53 (30.1)
Pathological pattern			0.785
Canalicular adenocarcinoma	108 (69.7)	125 (71.0)
Mucinous adenocarcinoma	25 (16.1)	22 (12.5)
Papillary adenocarcinoma	12 (7.7)	16 (9.1)
Signet-ring carcinoma	10 (6.5)	13 (7.4)
Nerve invasion	30 (19.4)	37 (21.0)	0.706
Vessel invasion	26 (16.8)	30 (17.0)	0.948
Positive distal margin	0 (0)	0 (0)	N/A
Positive CRM	0 (0)	0 (0)	N/A
pTNM stage			0.807
I	38 (24.5)	45 (25.6)
II	61 (39.4)	70 (39.8)
III	44 (28.4)	52 (29.5)
IV	12 (7.7)	9 (5.1)

SD: Standard deviation; CRM: Circumferential resection margin; pTNM: Pathological tumor-node-metastasis; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 4 Postoperative complications n (%)

Variable	Experimental group (n = 155)	Control group (n = 176)	P value
Stoma related
Stoma edema	15 (9.7)	18 (10.2)	0.868
Stoma infection	4 (2.6)	2 (1.1)	0.326
Stoma retraction	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	0.468
Stoma necrosis	0 (0)	3 (1.7)	0.251
Stoma fistula	0 (0)	1 (0.6)	1.000
Stoma bleeding	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	0.468
Stoma stenosis	0 (0)	2 (1.1)	0.501
Skin inflammation around the stoma	16 (10.3)	16 (9.1)	0.705
Parastomal hernia	4 (2.6)	2 (1.1)	0.424
Mucosal prolapse	3 (1.9)	2 (1.1)	0.668
Wound infection	0 (0)	7 (4.0)	0.016
Intestinal obstruction	1 (0.6)	3 (1.7)	0.626
Retention of urine	3 (1.9)	3 (1.7)	1.000
Cardiopulmonary	0 (0)	1 (0.6)	1.000
Re-operation	1 (0.6)	8 (4.5)	0.220