α2-Heremans-schmid glycoprotein (fetuin A) downregulation and its utility in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Patient/control and disease characteristics

	UC	CD	IBS	HC
No	96	84	62	180
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	50.2 ± 13.4	42.3 ± 15.6	49 ± 19.4	46.7 ± 12.3
Age at onset
≥ 40 yr	-	15	-	-
< 40 yr	-	69	-	-
Sex
Male	60	45	36	114
Female	36	39	26	66
Current smoking
Yes	24	57	39	93
No	72	27	23	87
Disease extent (UC)
Proctitis	16	-	-	-
Left-sided colitis	28	-	-	-
Pancolitis	52	-	-	-
Disease location (CD)
Upper GI involvement	-	11	-	-
Ileum	-	32	-	-
Colon	-	10	-	-
Ileocolon	-	41	-	-
Disease behavior (CD)
NS/NP	-	49	-	-
Stricturing	-	20	-	-
Penetrating	-	15	-	-
Extraintestinal manifestations
None	69	33	-	-
≥1	27	51	-	-
Treatment for remission
5-ASA	94	82	-	-
Corticosteroids	45	60	-	-
Immunosuppressants	18	30	-	-
Anti- TNFα	3	24	-	-
Surgery	3	12	-	-

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; HC: Healthy controls; GI: Gastrointestinal; NS/NP: Non stricturing/non penetrating; ASA: Aminosalicylates; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Table 2 α2-Heremans-schmid glycoprotein levels (g/L) with respect to disease characteristics

	IBD	UC	CD	P value
Extent (UC)
Proctitis	-	0.35 ± 0.1	-	> 0.05
Left-sided colitis	-	0.34 ± 0.12	-
Pancolitis	-	0.35 ± 0.10	-
Location (CD)
Upper GI	-	-	0.29 ± 0.09	> 0.05
Ileum	-	-	0.32 ± 0.08
Colon	-	-	0.31 ± 0.09
Ileocolon	-	-	0.29 ± 0.07
Behavior (CD)
NS/NP (a)	-	-	0.33 ± 0.07	a vs b: < 0.01
Stricturing (b)	-	-	0.26 ± 0.07	a vs c: < 0.001
Penetrating (c)	-	-	0.26 ± 0.06	b vs c: > 0.05
Extraintestinal manifestations
None	0.33 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.09	0.33 ± 0.07	> 0.05
≥ 1	0.32 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.1	0.30 ± 0.08

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; GI: Gastrointestinal; NS/NP: Non stricturing/Non penetrating.

Table 3 Variations of α2-Heremans-schmid glycoprotein (g/L) according to patient’s characteristics

	UC	P	CD	P value
Sex
Male	0.34 ± 0.07	> 0.05	0.30 ± 0.08	> 0.05
Female	0.34 ± 0.12		0.33 ± 0.07
Current smoking
Yes	0.31 ± 0.02	> 0.05	0.30 ± 0.01	> 0.05
No	0.32 ± 0.01		0.28 ± 0.01
Age at onset
≥ 40	NA	-	0.29 ± 0.01	> 0.05
< 40	NA		0.32 ± 0.02

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; NA: Not applicable.

Table 4 Concentrations of anti-glycan antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease patients

	Median(range)		P value
	UC	CD
gASCA	25.5 (18-27.2)	49.5 (28.5-111)	< 0.0001
ALCA	46.9 (31-77.5)	66 (30.4-94.5)	> 0.05
AMCA	67 (50.1-114.6)	45.8 (37.7-75)	0.0001
ACCA	65 (48-102)	63 (51.1-105.3)	> 0.05

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; ASCA: Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies; AMCA: Anti-mannobioside carbohydrate antibodies; ALCA: Anti-laminariobioside carbohydrate antibodies; ACCA: Anti-chitobioside carbohydrate antibodies.