Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen-rich water alleviate ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice

Table 1 Effects of hydrogen-rich water on the serum biochemical parameters and hepatic lipid contents in ethanol- fed C57BL/6J mice

Group	Control	EtOH	EtOH + Sily	EtOH + HRW	EtOH + Sily + HRW
ALT, U/L	43.4 ± 17.2	159 ± 16.9a	133.9 ± 15.3a,c	140.7 ± 15.5a,c	120.5 ± 19.7a,c
AST, U/L	98.4 ± 10.9	291 ± 43.7a	247.7 ± 20a,c	259.3 ± 10.9a	181.6 ± 22.3a,c,e
TG, mg/dL	153.1 ± 19.8	165 ± 26.7	136.9 ± 16.8c	142.1 ± 14.7c	122.2 ± 16.4a,c
TC, mg/dL	81 ± 15.8	106.3 ± 7.4a	94.9 ± 4.5a,c	95.4 ± 6.5a,c	87.1 ± 8.3c,e

Values are expressed as mean ± SD.

^aP < 0.05 vs control group,

^cP < 0.05 vs EtOH group, and

^eP < 0.05 vs silymarin group. Sily: Silymarin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; EtOH: Ethanol; HRW: Hydrogen-rich water; Sily: Silymarin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triacylglycerol.

Table 2 Effects of hydrogen-rich water on the hepatic lipid and cytokine contents in ethanol- fed C57BL/6J mice

Group	Control	EtOH	EtOH+ Sily	EtOH+ HRW	EtOH + Sily + HRW
Hepatic TG, mg/g tissue	82.4 ± 9.9	120.7 ± 6.8a	91.1 ± 8.8c	107.5 ± 6.6a,c,e	113.5 ± 7.3a,c,e
Hepatic TC, mg/g tissue	18.1 ± 2.4	41.4 ± 3.1a	34.4 ± 2.8a,c	38.0 ± 2.6a,c,e	36.5 ± 2.1a,c
Hepatic TNF-α, pg/mg tissue	29.0 ± 3.0	45.1 ± 3.4a	39.7 ± 2.5a,c	42.0 ± 2.4a,c	37.3 ± 3.8a,c
Hepatic IL-6, pg/mg tissue	10.7 ± 1.2	19.0 ± 1.2a	12.5 ± 2.3a,c	17.1 ± 2.5a,e	11.2 ± 2.7c

Values are expressed as mean ± SD.

^aP < 0.05 vs control group,

^cP < 0.05 vs EtOH group, and

^eP < 0.05 vs silymarin group. EtOH: Ethanol; HRW: Hydrogen-rich water; IL-6: Interleukin 6; Sily: Silymarin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: triacylglycerol; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.