Single-operator cholangioscopy for biliary complications in liver transplant recipients

Table 1 Patients’ characteristics and findings of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/SpyGlass DS

Patient no.	Age (yr)	Sex	Indication for LT	Findings of ERCP	Findings of cholangioscopy	Endoscopic Intervention
1	64	M	Caroli syndrome	AS, non-AS	AS, non-AS	Stent insertion
2	65	M	Cryptogenic liver cirrhosis	AS	AS	Balloon dilation
3	28	M	Cryptogenic liver cirrhosis	AS, non-AS	AS, non-AS	Balloon dilation
4	48	M	Transplant dysfunction	Normal	Bile duct erythema	None
5	30	M	Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	AS, non-AS	AS, non-AS	Balloon dilation
6	63	M	Hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic liver cirrhosis	Normal	Normal	None
7	56	F	Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	AS	AS	Balloon dilation
8	48	F	Autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis	Non-AS	Non-AS	Balloon dilation
9	46	M	Acute liver failure	Stones	Stones	Extraction of stones
10	70	M	Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatits C	AS	AS, stones	Balloon dilation, extraction of stones
11	75	F	Autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis	AS	AS, stones	Extraction of stones, stent insertion
12	51	F	Cryptogenic liver cirrhosis	AS, non-AS	AS, non-AS	Balloon dilation, bougienage of stricture
13	57	M	Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	AS	AS	Balloon dilation
14	30	F	Transplant dysfunction after LT for Wilson disease	AS, stones	AS, stones	Balloon dilation, extraction of stones
15	60	F	Drug-induced liver injury	None	None	None
16	57	F	Hepatitis C	Stones	Stones	Extraction of stones
17	52	F	Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatitis B	None	None	None
18	44	F	Acute liver failure	AS	AS	Balloon dilation
19	60	M	Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	AS, non-AS	AS, non-AS, biliary cast	Balloon dilation, extraction of cast
20	53	F	Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	Non-AS	Non-AS, biliary cast	Extraction of cast
21	25	F	Acute liver failure	None	None	None
22	63	M	Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis	AS	AS	Balloon dilation
23	37	M	Hepatitis C/Wilson disease	AS	AS, stones	Balloon dilation, extraction of stones
24	63	F	Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis	None	Hiliar ulcer	None
25	66	F	Primary biliary cholangitis	None	Biliary cast	Extraction of cast
26	34	F	FAP	Bile duct kinking	Bile duct kinking	Stent insertion

AS: Anastomotic stricture; non-AS: Non-anastomotic stricture; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography; FAP: Familiar amyloid polyneuropathy; LT: Liver transplant.

Table 2 Species found in bile

Microorganism	Frequency	Percentage
Stenotrophomonas	1	2.7%
Enterococcus faecium	7	18.9%
Escherichia coli	5	13.5%
Streptococcus viridans	2	5.4%
Micrococcus luteus	1	2.7%
Enterococcus faecalis	2	5.4%
Klebsiella oxytoca	2	5.4%
Enterobacter cloacae	2	5.4%
Raultella ornithinolytica	1	2.7%
Enterobacter aerogenes	1	2.7%
Staphylococcus haemolyticus	1	2.7%
Pedicoccus pentosaceus	1	2.7%
Enterococcus avium	2	5.4%
Candida albicans	6	16.2%
Candida duliniensis	1	2.7%
Candida tropicalis	1	2.7%
Candida glabrata	1	2.7%
Total	37	100%