First quarter century of laparoscopic liver resection

Table 1 Development of laparoscopic liver resection over the first 25 years

Year	Procedure [Ref]	Related developments(technological, technical, conceptual)
1991	1st report of LLR[4-6] (partial resection in AL)
1996	LLS[7,8]
1997	Hemi-hepatectomy[13-15]	Energy devices
		(coagulating, sealing, shearing)
		CUSA
		HALS[19,20] and hybrid[21,22],
		Inflow control[17,18]
2000s-2010s	Sectionectomy (right posterior, right anterior, left medial)	Glissonian approach
		(extra-[26], intra-hepatic[27])
		Caudal approach[10,31]
		Postural change[29-31]
	Segmentectomy and partial resection of segments 7, 8, 1	Postural change[29-31]
		Caudal approach[10,31]
		Lateral approach[37-39] (intercostal port)
		Tracoscopic approach[40,41]
	Limited anatomical resection and modified anatomical (extended and/or combining limited) resection[48-51]	Simulation and navigation[46,47]
		3D endoscope[45]

Ref: Reference number in the References section; LLR: Laparoscopic liver resection; AL: Anterolateral segments; LLS: Left lateral sectionectomy; CUSA: Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator; HALS: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery; Hybrid: Laparoscopic-assisted LLR; 3D: Three-dimensional.