Laparoscopic approach to suspected T1 and T2 gallbladder carcinoma

Table 1 Perioperative characteristics of the patients n (%)

	LCWL(n = 50)	LCGB(n = 13)
Clinical findings
Sex
Male	30 (60)	6 (46.2)
Female	20 (40)	7 (53.8)
Age, median (range, yr)	58.5 (30-92)	67 (50-85)
Surgical findings
Operation time, median (range, min)	108 (61-221)	211 (111-293)
Intraoperative blood loss, median (range, mL)	Minimal (> 0-150)	28 (> 0-150)
Intraoperative perforation	1 (2.0)	0 (0)
Conversions to the open approach	0 (0)	0 (0)
Perioperative outcomes
Severe postoperative complications1	0 (0)	0 (0)
Mortality	0 (0)	0 (0)
Postoperative hospital stay, days -median (range)	3 (1-6)	6 (4-11)
Pathological findings
Gallbladder carcinoma	9 (18)	7 (53.8)
Depth of invasion2
pT1a	3	2
pT1b	0	0
pT2	5	53
pT3	1	0
pT4	0	0
Lymph node metastasis
pN0	9	5
pN1	0	2
Surgical margin
positive	0	0
negative	9	7
Postoperative outcomes
Additional operation performed	3	1
Recurrence
Yes	0	1
No	9	6

¹Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications;

²Tumors were classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/TNM system;

³One patient underwent LCGB with D2 lymphadenectomy 42 d after LCWL. LCWL: Laparoscopic whole-layer cholecystectomy; LCGB: Laparoscopic gallbladder bed resection.

Table 2 Data of patients pathologically diagnosed with gallbladder cancer

Case	Sex	Age	Preoperative diagnosis	Type of operation	pT	pN	pSM	Additional surgery	Adjuvant therapy	Recurrence	RFS (mo)	Outcome
1	F	71	polyp	LCWL	T2	N0	Negative	S4a and S5 segmentectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection	No	No	62	Alive
2	F	80	polyp	LCWL	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	53	Alive
3	M	79	chronic cholecystitic	LCWL	T3	N1	Negative	S4a and S5 segmentectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection	No	No	2	Dead
4	F	80	GBC	LCGB	T2	N0	Negative	Extrahepatic bile duct resection	No	No	55	Alive
5	F	80	GBC	LCGB	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	47	Alive
6	F	83	polyp	LCWL	T2	N0	Negative	-	No	No	41	Alive
7	F	61	GBC	LCGB	T2	N1	Negative	-	No	Liver and bone metastases	9	Dead
8	F	85	GBC	LCGB	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	26	Alive
9	F	66	polyp	LCWL	T2	N0	Negative	LCGB with lymphadenectomy	No	No	23	Alive
9	F	66	definite GBC	LCGB	T2	N0	Negative	-	No	No	-	Alive
10	M	83	GBC	LCGB	T2	N0	Negative	-	No	No	15	Alive
11	M	84	polyp	LCWL	T2	N0	Negative	-	No	No	13	Alive
12	F	78	GBC	LCGB	T2	N1	Negative	-	No	No	12	Alive
13	M	50	polyp	LCWL	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	12	Alive
14	F	86	GBC	LCWL	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	8	Alive
15	F	92	polyp	LCWL	T1a	N0	Negative	-	No	No	7	Alive

LCWL: Laparoscopic whole-layer cholecystectomy; LCGB: Laparoscopic gallbladder bed resection; pSM: Pathological surgical margin; RFS: Relapse-free survival; GBC: Gallbladder cancer.