Colors of vegetables and fruits and the risks of colorectal cancer

Table 1 Classification of vegetables and fruits according to type and color group¹

Color group	Vegetables and fruits type	Vegetables and fruits item
Green (23.2%)2	Dark green leafy vegetables (27.1%)3	Water dropwort, mugwort, crown daisy, spinach, perilla leaf, chicory, kale, pumpkin leaf, leak beet
	Lettuces (10.6%)	Lettuce
	Other green fruits and vegetables (62.3%)	Melon, zucchini, green cucumber, green pepper, cabbages, broccoli, celery
Orange/yellow (17.5%)	Citrus fruits (57.5%)	Citrus fruits juices, orange, mandarin orange, kumquat
	Other orange/yellow fruits and vegetables (42.5%)	Carrot, pumpkin, peach, persimmon, ginger
Red/purple (19.0%)	Berries (38.3%)	Strawberry , grape
	Other red fruits and vegetables (61.7%)	Watermelon, tomato, red cabbage, red pepper, plum
White (40.3%)	Allium family bulbs (15.1%)	Garlic, leek, onion
	Hard fruits (41.8%)	Apple, pear
	Cauliflower (13.4%)	Asian radish
	Other white fruits and vegetables (29.7%)	Oriental melon, mushroom, banana, deodeok, burdock, lotus root, balloon flower root

¹Vegetables and fruits were classified into subgroup as proposed by Pennington and Fisher;

²Proportion of color group to total vegetables and fruits;

³Proportion of vegetables and fruits type to vegetables and fruits by color group.

Table 2 General characteristics of the study subjects n (%)

Variable	Male (n = 1875)		P value1	Female (n = 894)		P value1
	Case	Control		Case	Control
	(n = 625)	(n = 1250)		(n = 298)	(n = 596)
Age group (yr)			0.997			0.994
-49	128 (20.5)	258 (20.6)		82 (27.5)	166 (27.9)
50-59	227 (36.3)	453 (36.2)		111 (37.3)	221 (37.1)
60+	270 (43.2)	539 (43.1)		105 (35.2)	209 (35.1)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Marital status			< 0.001			< 0.001
Married	557 (89.1)	1162 (93.0)		216 (73.0)	493 (83.4)
Single	66 (10.6)	72 (5.8)		80 (27.0)	98 (16.6)
Missing	2 (0.3)	16 (1.3)		2 (0.7)	5 (0.8)
Education level			< 0.001			< 0.001
Under middle school	183 (29.3)	175 (14.0)		138 (46.3)	106 (18.1)
High school	266 (42.6)	329 (26.3)		103 (34.6)	258 (44.0)
College or more	176 (28.2)	712 (57.0)		57 (19.1)	223 (38.0)
Missing	0 (0.0)	34 (2.7)		0 (0.0)	9 (1.5)
Income (10000won/mo)			< 0.001			< 0.001
< 200	222 (35.5)	254 (20.3)		99 (33.2)	134 (25.0)
200-400	253 (40.5)	534 (42.7)		134 (45.0)	218 (40.7)
> 400	150 (24.0)	363 (29.0)		65 (21.8)	184 (34.3)
Missing	0 (0.0)	99 (7.9)		0 (0.0)	60 (10.1)
Body mass index (kg/m2)			< 0.001			0.270
< 25	432 (69.1)	734 (58.7)		207 (69.5)	435 (73.0)
≥ 25	192 (30.7)	516 (41.3)		91 (30.5)	161 (27.0)
Missing	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Smoking status			0.076			< 0.001
Non-smoker	145 (23.2)	245 (19.6)		264 (88.6)	571 (95.8)
Ex-smoker	303 (48.5)	671 (53.7)		15 (5.0)	16 (2.7)
Current smoker	177 (28.3)	334 (26.7)		19 (6.4)	9 (1.5)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Alcohol consumption			< 0.001			0.186
Non-drinker	107 (17.1)	199 (15.9)		172 (57.7)	362 (60.7)
Ex-drinker	103 (16.5)	136 (10.9)		26 (8.7)	33 (5.5)
Current drinker	415 (66.4)	915 (73.2)		100 (33.6)	201 (33.7)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Regular exercise			< 0.001			< 0.001
No	387 (61.9)	490 (39.2)		225 (75.5)	262 (44.0)
Yes	238 (38.1)	715 (57.2)		73 (24.5)	333 (56.0)
Missing	0 (0.0)	45 (3.6)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)
Family history of cancer			0.002			0.141
No	392 (62.7)	686 (54.9)		171 (57.4)	311 (52.2)
Yes	233 (37.3)	560 (44.8)		127 (42.6)	285 (47.8)
Missing	0 (0.0)	4 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Family history of colorectal cancer			< 0.001			0.926
No	560 (89.6)	1188 (95.0)		277 (93.0)	555 (93.1)
Yes	65 (10.4)	58 (4.6)		21 (7.1)	41 (6.9)
Missing	0 (0.0)	4 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)

¹P values were calculated by χ² test.

Table 3 Intake of vegetables and fruits between cases and controls

Total energy adjusted intake (g/d), mean ± SD	Male (n = 1875)		Female (n = 894)
	Case (n = 625)	Control (n = 1250)	Case (n = 298)	Control (n = 596)
Total energy intake (kcal/d)	2127.7 ± 509.1	1731.6 ± 545.8	1814.4 ± 523.5	1604.6 ± 577.4
Total vegetables and fruits	279.4 ± 155.7	350.2 ± 236.7	343.1 ± 192.8	470.7 ± 383.4
Total vegetables	148.5 ± 77.3	186.7 ± 126.2	155.8 ± 85.4	205.3 ± 138.2
Total fruits	125.0 ± 115.3	174.5 ± 197.8	185.9 ± 152.1	271.7 ± 230.0
Green vegetables and fruits	64.8 ± 38.0	86.2 ± 69.6	72.7 ± 52.1	105.5 ± 84.5
Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits	49.4 ± 45.4	54.2 ± 66.8	75.4 ± 71.2	95.2 ± 97.7
Orange/yellow vegetable	10.1 ± 12.1	9.3 ± 17.0	13.0 ± 16.3	11.7 ± 23.1
Orange/yellow fruits	37.7 ± 46.2	57.0 ± 109.1	65.0 ± 84.7	94.7 ± 117.0
White vegetables and fruits	105.9 ± 65.4	149.8 ± 120.4	128.8 ± 100.3	186.2 ± 135.0
Red/purple vegetables and fruits	55.2 ± 65.9	66.1 ± 88.8	66.0 ± 62.6	89.1 ± 89.8
Red meat	56.0 ± 36.2	64.4 ± 41.9	40.9 ± 26.9	43.7 ± 28.7
Processed meat	0.5 ± 1.8	3.5 ± 25.1	1.9 ± 13.8	1.7 ± 6.1

Mean of vegetables and fruits intake were adjusted for the total individual energy intakes using the residual method.

Table 4 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal cancer risk in relation to intake of vegetables and fruits

Total energy adjusted vegetables and fruits intake	Male (n = 1875)				Female (n = 894)			Total (n = 2769)
	Controls	Age-adjusted	Multivariate		Controls	Age-adjusted	Multivariate	Controls	Age-adjusted	Multivariate
	/cases (n)	OR (95%CI)	OR1 (95%CI)		/cases (n)	OR (95%CI)	OR1 (95%CI)	/cases (n)	OR (95%CI)	OR1 (95%CI)
Total vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 224.2)	417/275	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 317.7)	199/166	1.00	1.00	616/441	1.00	1.00
T2 (224.2-< 380.0)	416/230	0.83 (0.67-1.04)	0.94 (0.74-1.21)	T2 (317.7- < 534.8)	199/91	0.55 (0.39-0.75)	0.60 (0.42-0.85)	615//321	0.72 (0.60-0.87)	0.81 (0.67-0.99)
T3 (≥ 380.0)	417/120	0.43 (0.34-0.56)	0.60 (0.45-0.79)	T3 (≥ 534.8)	198/41	0.25 (0.17-0.37)	0.32 (0.21-0.48)	615/161	0.36 (0.29-0.45)	0.50 (0.40-0.63)
P for trend2		< 0.001	< 0.001			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total vegetables (g/d)
T1 (< 123.0)	416/256	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 135.9)	198/143	1.00	1.00	614/399	1.00	1.00
T2 (123.0-< 203.6)	418/270	1.05 (0.84-1.30)	1.19 (0.93-1.52)	T2 (135.9- < 219.1)	200/110	0.76 (0.55-1.04)	0.89 (0.62-1.26)	618/380	0.94 (0.79-1.13)	1.05 (0.86-1.28)
T3 (≥ 203.6)	416/99	0.38 (0.29-0.50)	0.48 (0.36-0.64)	T3 (≥ 219.1)	198/45	0.31 (0.21-0.46)	0.37 (0.24-0.57)	614/114	0.36 (0.29-0.45)	0.43 (0.34-0.55)
P for trend		< 0.001	< 0.001			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 68.3)	416/224	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 135.0)	198/129	1.00	1.00	614/353	1.00	1.00
T2 (68.3-< 178.1)	418/265	1.18 (0.94-1.47)	1.36 (1.06-1.74)	T2 (135.0- < 307.1)	199/124	0.96 (0.70-1.31)	1.03 (0.73-1.46)	617/389	1.09 (0.91-1.31)	1.21 (1.00-1.48)
T3 (≥ 178.1)	416/136	0.61 (0.47-0.78)	0.77 (0.58-1.02)	T3 (≥ 307.1)	199/45	0.35 (0.23-0.51)	0.41 (0.27-0.63)	615/181	0.51 (0.41-0.63)	0.67 (0.53-0.84)
P for trend		< 0.001	0.017			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Green vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 48.8)	417/238	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 61.0)	199/151	1.00	1.00	616/389	1.00	1.00
T2 (48.8-< 93.6)	417/280	1.17 (0.94-1.46)	1.21 (0.94-1.54)	T2 (61.0-< 114.2)	198/115	0.76 (0.56-1.04)	0.89 (0.63-1.27)	615/395	1.01 (0.84-1.21)	1.06 (0.87-1.30)
T3 (≥ 93.6)	416/107	0.45 (0.34-0.58)	0.49 (0.36-0.65)	T3 (≥ 114.2)	199/32	0.21 (0.14-0.32)	0.25 (0.16-0.40)	615/139	0.35 (0.28-0.44)	0.39 (0.31-0.50)
P for trend		< 0.001	< 0.001			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 22.1)	416/191	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 39.5)	199/112	1.00	1.00	615/303	1.00	1.00
T2 (22.1- < 62.2)	417/266	1.39 (1.10-1.75)	1.63 (1.26-2.11)	T2 (39.5-< 98.5)	199/121	1.08 (0.78-1.49)	1.21 (0.84-1.73)	616/387	1.27 (1.06-1.54)	1.46 (1.19-1.79)
T3 (≥ 62.2)	417/168	0.88 (0.68-1.12)	1.10 (0.83-1.44)	T3 (≥ 98.5)	198/65	0.58 (0.41-0.84)	0.66 (0.44-0.99)	615/233	0.77 (0.63-0.94)	0.96 (0.77-1.20)
P for trend		0.042	0.706			0.002	0.027		< 0.001	0.033
Orange /yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 21.1)	416/162	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 40.7)	199/89	1.00	1.00	615/251	1.00	1.00
T2 (21.1- < 54.0)	417/264	1.63 (1.28-2.07)	1.91 (1.47-2.49)	T2 (40.7- < 100.6)	198/140	1.58 (1.14-2.20)	1.77 (1.23-2.56)	615/404	1.61 (1.33-1.95)	1.78 (1.45-2.20)
T3 (≥ 54.0)	417/199	1.23 (0.96-1.58)	1.61 (1.22-2.12)	T3 (≥ 100.6)	199/69	0.77 (0.53-1.12)	0.85 (0.56-1.27)	616/268	1.07 (0.87-1.31)	1.33 (1.06-1.66)
P for trend		0.618	0.021			0.051	0.163		0.286	0.576
Orange /yellow fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 15.9)	416/230	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 32.5)	199/105	1.00	1.00	615/335	1.00	1.00
T2 (15.9- < 47.9)	417/230	1.00 (0.79-1.25)	1.17 (0.91-1.51)	T2 (32.5- < 90.6)	198/130	1.24 (0.90-1.72)	1.43 (1.00-2.06)	616/360	1.07 (0.89-1.29)	1.20 (0.98-1.47)
T3 (≥ 47.9)	417/165	0.72 (0.56-0.91)	0.98 (0.75-1.28)	T3 (≥ 90.6)	199/63	0.60 (0.42-0.87)	0.64 (0.43-0.97)	615/228	0.68 (0.56-0.83)	0.85 (0.69-1.06)
P for trend		0.003	0.003			0.002	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001
Orange /yellow vegetable (g/d)
T1 (< 2.7)	416/144	1.00	1.00	T1 (< 3.2)	198/77	1.00	1.00	614/221	1.00	1.00
T2 (2.7- < 7.7)	417/188	1.30 (1.01-1.68)	1.47 (1.11-1.95)	T2 (3.2- < 9.1)	200/69	0.89 (0.61-1.30)	1.14 (0.75-1.73)	617/257	1.16 (0.94-1.43)	1.30 (1.04-1.64)
T3 (≥ 7.7)	417/293	2.09 (1.63-2.67)	2.41 (1.83-3.16)	T3 (≥ 9.1)	198/152	2.01 (1.43-2.83)	2.28 (1.55-3.34)	615/445	2.06 (1.69-2.51)	2.19 (1.77-2.73)
P for trend		< 0.001	< 0.001			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
White vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 87.9)	416/301	1	1	T1 (< 109.9)	199/156	1	1	615/457	1	1
T2 (87.9- < 153.9)	418/219	0.72 (0.57-0.90)	0.84 (0.66-1.08)	T2 (109.9- < 198.0)	199/99	0.63 (0.46-0.87)	0.78 (0.55-1.11)	617/318	0.69 (0.58-0.83)	0.8 (0.66-0.98)
T3 (≥ 153.9)	416/105	0.34 (0.27-0.45)	0.47 (0.35-0.63)	T3 (≥ 198.0)	198/43	0.28 (0.19-0.41)	0.34 (0.22-0.52)	614/148	0.32 (0.26-0.40)	0.43 (0.34-0.55)
P for trend		< 0.001	< 0.001			< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001

¹Adjusted by age, education, alcohol consumption, BMI, regular exercise, red meat, processed meat and total energy intake;

²Test for trend calculated with the median intake for each category of vegetables and fruits as a continuous variable.

Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal cancer subsites in relation to intake of vegetables and fruits

	Control		Proximal colon		No.	Distal colon		No.	Rectum
	No.	No.	Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)		Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)		Age-adjusted OR (95%CI)	Multivariate OR1 (95%CI)
Men
Total vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 224.2)	417	46	1.00	1.00	76	1.00	1.00	145	1.00	1.00
T2 (224.2- < 380.0)	416	45	0.97 (0.63-1.49)	1.08 (0.68-1.69)	73	0.95 (0.67-1.35)	1.10 (0.76-1.58)	107	0.74 (0.55-0.98)	0.82 (0.61-1.12)
T3 (≥ 380.0)	417	22	0.47 (0.28-0.80)	0.63 (0.36-1.09)	29	0.38 (0.24-0.59)	0.50 (0.32-0.80)	68	0.47 (0.34-0.64)	0.67 (0.47-0.94)
P for trend2			0.004	0.086		< 0.001	0.003		< 0.001	0.018
Total vegetables (g/d)
T1 (< 123.0)	416	40	1.00	1.00	66	1.00	1.00	142	1.00	1.00
T2 (123.0-< 203.6)	418	46	1.13 (0.72-1.77)	1.26 (0.79-2.01)	88	1.32 (0.93-1.87)	1.50 (1.04-2.16)	130	0.91 (0.69-1.20)	1.05 (0.77-1.41)
T3 (≥ 203.6)	416	27	0.67 (0.40-1.11)	0.80 (0.47-1.37)	24	0.36 (0.22-0.59)	0.44 (0.27-0.74)	48	0.34 (0.24-0.48)	0.43 (0.29-0.63)
P for trend			0.089	0.34		< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 68.3)	416	37	1.00	1.00	69	1.00	1.00	113	1.00	1.00
T2 (68.3- < 178.1)	418	52	1.38 (0.89-2.16)	1.59 (1.01-2.52)	76	1.09 (0.76-1.55)	1.26 (0.88-1.83)	129	1.14 (0.85-1.52)	1.30 (0.96-1.78)
T3 (≥ 178.1)	416	24	0.64 (0.38-1.09)	0.83 (0.47-1.44)	33	0.47 (0.31-0.74)	0.59 (0.38-0.94)	78	0.69 (0.50-0.95)	0.90 (0.63-1.27)
P for trend			0.035	0.269		< 0.001	0.01		0.008	0.318
Green vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 48.8)	417	39	1.00	1.00	64	1.00	1.00	129	1.00	1.00
T2 (48.8- < 93.6)	417	49	1.24 (0.80-1.94)	1.26 (0.79-1.99)	87	1.35 (0.95-1.92)	1.43 (0.99-2.07)	136	1.05 (0.80-1.39)	1.08 (0.79-1.46)
T3 (≥ 93.6)	416	25	0.63 (0.38-1.07)	0.67 (0.39-1.16)	27	0.42 (0.26-0.67)	0.46 (0.28-0.74)	55	0.43 (0.30-0.60)	0.47 (0.32-0.68)
P for trend			0.048	0.092		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 22.1)	416	34	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	91	1.00	1.00
T2 (22.1- < 62.2)	417	48	1.40 (0.88-2.22)	1.63 (1.01-2.04)	73	1.21 (0.84-1.75)	1.39 (0.95-2.04)	138	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	1.84 (1.33-2.53)
T3 (≥ 62.2)	417	31	0.90 (0.55-1.50)	1.12 (0.66-1.88)	45	0.75 (0.50-1.13)	0.92 (0.60-1.41)	91	1.00 (0.72-1.38)	1.28 (0.90-1.81)
P for trend			0.371	0.895		0.067	0.379		0.355	0.666
Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 21.1)	416	28	1.00	1.00	47	1.00	1.00	86	1.00	1.00
T2 (21.1- < 54.0)	418	43	1.52 (0.93-2.50)	1.80 (1.08-3.01)	73	1.55 (1.05-2.29)	1.86 (1.24-2.80)	138	1.61 (1.19-2.18)	1.86 (1.34-2.59)
T3 (≥ 54.0)	416	42	1.49 (0.90-2.45)	1.94 (1.16-3.27)	58	1.23 (0.82-1.85)	1.60 (1.04-2.46)	96	1.12 (0.81-1.55)	1.47 (1.04-2.09)
P for trend			0.217	0.03		0.683	0.121		0.837	0.178
Orange /yellow fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 15.9)	416	38	1.00	1.00	69	1.00	1.00	120	1.00	1.00
T2 (15.9-< 47.9)	417	46	1.20 (0.77-1.89)	1.43 (0.90-2.27)	61	0.88 (0.61-1.27)	1.04 (0.71-1.52)	115	0.96 (0.72-1.28)	1.11 (0.82-1.52)
T3 (≥ 47.9)	417	29	0.76 (0.46-1.25)	1.04 (0.62-1.75)	48	0.69 (0.47-1.02)	0.92 (0.61-1.38)	85	0.71 (0.52-0.96)	0.97 (0.69-1.36)
P for trend			0.155	0.849		0.065	0.625		0.02	0.724
Orange /yellow vegetable (g/d)
T1 (< 2.7)	416	31	1.00	1.00	38	1.00	1.00	70	1.00	1.00
T2 (2.7-< 7.7)	417	27	0.87 (0.51-1.48)	1.01 (0.59-1.75)	55	1.44 (0.93-2.23)	1.68 (1.07-2.63)	101	1.44 (1.03-2.01)	1.64 (1.15-2.34)
T3 (≥ 7.7)	417	55	1.79 (1.12-2.86)	2.15 (1.32-3.51)	85	2.28 (1.51-3.44)	2.72 (1.77-4.18)	149	2.19 (1.59-3.02)	2.51 (1.77-3.54)
P for trend			0.003	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
White vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 87.9)	416	51	1.00	1.00	87	1.00	1.00	156	1.00	1.00
T2 (87.9- < 153.9)	418	46	0.88 (0.58-1.35)	1.04 (0.67-1.61)	68	0.77 (0.54-1.09)	0.89 (0.62-1.28)	100	0.63 (0.48-0.84)	0.76 (0.55-1.03)
T3 (≥ 153.9)	416	16	0.31 (0.17-0.55)	0.40 (0.22-0.73)	23	0.26 (0.16-0.42)	0.34 (0.21-0.56)	64	0.41 (0.29-0.56)	0.58 (0.41-0.83)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.003		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	0.002
Women
Total vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 317.7)	199	29	1.00	1.00	64	1.00	1.00	70	1.00	1.00
T2 (317.7-< 534.8)	199	19	0.65 (0.35-1.20)	0.66 (0.35-1.25)	28	0.44 (0.27-0.71)	0.47 (0.28-0.79)	41	0.58 (0.38-0.90)	0.65 (0.41-1.03)
T3 (≥ 534.8)	198	5	0.17 (0.07-0.45)	0.22 (0.08-0.58)	21	0.33 (0.19-0.56)	0.41 (0.23-0.71)	13	0.19 (0.10-0.35)	0.25 (0.13-0.47)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total vegetables (g/d)
T1 (< 135.9)	198	26	1.00	1.00	51	1.00	1.00	61	1.00	1.00
T2 (135.9-< 219.1)	200	22	0.83 (0.45-1.51)	1.02 (0.53-1.95)	41	0.80 (0.50-1.26)	0.97 (0.59-1.57)	45	0.73 (0.47-1.12)	0.82 (0.52-1.31)
T3 (≥ 219.1)	198	5	0.19 (0.07-0.50)	0.22 (0.08-0.61)	21	0.41 (0.29-0.71)	0.50 (0.28-0.89)	18	0.29 (0.17-0.51)	0.36 (0.20-0.65)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.003		0.001	0.018		< 0.001	< 0.001
Total fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 135.0)	198	21	1.00	1.00	46	1.00	1.00	59	1.00	1.00
T2 (135.0-< 307.1)	199	27	1.29 (0.70-2.35)	1.37 (0.73-2.58)	46	1.00 (0.63-1.57)	1.05 (0.65-1.69)	48	0.81 (0.53-1.25)	0.88 (0.56-1.38)
T3 (≥ 307.1)	199	5	0.24 (0.09-0.64)	0.27 (0.10-0.76)	21	0.45 (0.26-0.79)	0.52 (0.29-0.93)	17	0.29 (0.16-0.51)	0.35 (0.19-0.64)
P for trend			0.003	0.002		0.004	0.006		< 0.001	< 0.001
Green vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 61.0)	199	26	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00
T2 (61.0- < 114.2)	198	23	0.87 (0.48-1.59)	1.03 (0.55-1.93)	39	0.65 (0.42-1.02)	0.78 (0.49-1.26)	51	0.85 (0.56-1.29)	0.98 (0.62-1.54)
T3 (≥ 114.2)	199	4	0.15 (0.05-0.43)	0.18 (0.06-0.54)	14	0.23 (0.12-0.43)	0.28 (0.15-0.53)	13	0.21 (0.11-0.40)	0.26 (0.14-0.50)
P for trend			< 0.001	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 39.5)	199	20	1.00	1.00	41	1.00	1.00	47	1.00	1.00
T2 (39.5- < 98.5)	199	26	1.30 (0.70-2.41)	1.54 (0.81-2.95)	44	1.07 (0.67-1.71)	1.19 (0.72-1.95)	49	1.04 (0.67-1.63)	1.18 (0.73-1.89)
T3 (≥ 98.5)	198	7	0.35 (0.15-0.85)	0.43 (0.17-1.06)	28	0.69 (0.41-1.15)	0.75 (0.43-1.30)	28	0.60 (0.36-1.00)	0.71 (0.41-1.21)
P for trend			0.013	0.052		0.118	0.232		0.035	0.157
Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 40.7)	199	16	1.00	1.00	33	1.00	1.00	40	1.00	1.00
T2 (40.7- < 100.6)	198	22	1.38 (0.70-2.71)	1.58 (0.78-3.20)	50	1.52 (0.94-2.47)	1.72 (1.03-2.87)	62	1.56 (1.00-2.43)	1.74 (1.08-2.80)
T3 (≥ 100.6)	199	15	0.93 (0.45-1.93)	1.05 (0.49-2.24)	30	0.91 (0.53-1.55)	0.98 (0.56-1.72)	22	0.55 (0.32-0.96)	0.61 (0.34-1.09)
P for trend			0.674	0.891		0.461	0.634		0.013	0.041
Orange/yellow fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 32.5)	199	18	1.00	1.00	38	1.00	1.00	48	1.00	1.00
T2 (32.5- < 90.6)	199	22	1.22 (0.63-2.34)	1.44 (0.72-2.85)	47	1.24 (0.77-1.98)	1.43 (0.87-2.35)	56	1.17 (0.76-1.80)	1.35 (0.85-2.15)
T3 (≥ 90.6)	198	13	0.72 (0.35-1.52)	0.79 (0.37-1.70)	28	0.74 (0.44-1.25)	0.77 (0.44-1.35)	20	0.42 (0.24-0.73)	0.44 (0.25-0.80)
P for trend			0.281	0.37		0.15	0.198		< 0.001	0.002
Orange/yellow vegetable (g/d)
T1 (< 3.2)	198	13	1.00	1.00	27	1.00	1.00	34	1.00	1.00
T2 (3.2- < 9.1)	200	11	0.84 (0.37-1.91)	1.17 (0.49-2.75)	28	1.03 (0.59-1.81)	1.35 (0.75-2.46)	28	0.82 (0.48-1.40)	1.04 (0.59-1.84)
T3 (≥ 9.1)	198	29	2.21 (1.11-4.40)	2.87 (1.36-6.03)	58	2.20 (1.33-3.64)	2.54 (1.48-4.36)	62	1.85 (1.16-2.95)	2.05 (1.24-3.40)
P for trend			0.005	0.002		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.001	0.002
White vegetables and fruits (g/d)
T1 (< 109.9)	199	31	1.00	1.00	60	1.00	1.00	61	1.00	1.00
T2 (109.9- < 198.0)	199	15	0.49 (0.25-0.93)	0.59 (0.30-1.16)	36	0.60 (0.38-0.95)	0.75 (0.46-1.22)	45	0.74 (0.48-1.14)	0.93 (0.59-1.48)
T3 (≥ 198.0)	198	7	0.22 (0.10-0.50)	0.25 (0.10-0.59)	17	0.28 (0.16-0.50)	0.35 (0.19-0.63)	18	0.30 (0.17-0.52)	0.37 (0.21-0.67)
P for trend			0.001	0.002		< 0.001	0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001

¹Adjusted by age, education, alcohol consumption, BMI, regular exercise, red meat, processed meat and total energy intake;

²Test for trend calculated with the median intake for each category of vegetables and fruits as a continuous variable.