Management of pancreatic fluid collections: A comprehensive review of the literature

Table 1 Pancreatic fluid collection

	Cases	Procedure used	Device used	Clinical success rates	Technical success rates	Complications
Pancreatic pseudocysts
Hookey et al[35], 2006	116	Conventional Transmural drainage	Stents	88%	88%	11% complication rate
Antillon et al[40], 2006	33	EUS-Guided Transmural drainage	Double-pigtail Stent	94%	82%	2 major complications and 3 minor complications
Azar et al[44], 2006	23	EUS-Guided Transmural drainage	Double-pigtail Stent	91%	91%
Lopes et al[46], 2007	51	EUS-guided Transmural drainage	Straight/Double-pigtail Stent	94%	94%	17.7% stent migration, stent obstruction
Barthet et al[45], 2008	50	EUS-guided Transmural drainage	Double-pigtail Stent/Straight Polyethylene	90%	98%	18% morbidity, 5 superinfections
Talreja et al[56], 2008	18	EUS-guided drainage	Covered self-expanding metal stent	95%	78%	Superinfection (5), bleeding (2), and inner migration (1).
Berzosa et al[57], 2012	7	Single-step endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage	Single-self expandable metal stent	100%	83%
Fabbri et al[95], 2012	22	EUS-guided drainage	Covered self-expanding metal stent	77%	77%
Penn et al[52], 2012	20	EUS-guided drainage	Fully covered self-expandable metallic stents	70%	70%	Pseudocyst infection (2), post transmural drainage fever and post-ERCP pancreatitis(1)
Itoi et al[60], 2012	15	EUS-guided drainage	Novel lumen-apposing, self-expandable metal stent (Axios)	100%	100%
Weilert et al[53], 2012	18	EUS-guided drainage	Fully covered self-expanding metal stent	78%	78%
Varadarajulu et al[19], 2013	20	Endoscopic Cystogastrostomy	Plastic stents	95%	90%
Sarkaria et al[97], 2014	17	EUS-guided drainage	Fully covered esophageal self-expandable metallic stents	88%	88%	Perforation during tract dilation (1)
Shah et al[61], 2015	33	EUS-guided drainage	Lumen-apposing, covered, self-expanding metal stent; Axios	91%	93%	Abdominal pain (n = 3), spontaneous stent migration, back pain (n = 1), access-site infection, and stent dislodgement (n = 1)
Walter et al[63], 2015	61	EUS-guided drainage	Axios	93%	98%	stent migration (n = 3), stent dislodgement during necrosectomy (n = 3), stent removal during surgery (n = 2), or refusal by the patient (n = 2)
Mukai et al[99], 2015	2	EUS-guided drainage/ Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	novel flared-type biflangedmetal stent	100%	100%	There was 1 psuedocyst recurrence in cystogramy
Rinninella et al[64], 2015	18	EUS-guided drainage	Lumen-apposing, self-expanding metal stent (Axios)	100%
Sharaiha et al[59], 2015	230	EUS-guided transmural drainage	118 DP plastic stents/112 FCSEMS	75%-90%	< 90%
Walled-off Necrosis
Seewald et al[89], 2005	13	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Double-pigtail stent	91%	91%	Minor bleeding after balloon dilation, Necrosectomy (4)
Charnley et al[92], 2006	13	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Double-pigtail stents	92.3%	92.3%
Voermans et al[90], 2007	25	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Double-pigtail stents	93%	93%	Surgery(2), Hemorrhage (1), perforation of cyst wall (1)
Papachristou et al[88], 2007	53	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Double-pigtail stents	81%	81%	Twelve patients (23%) required open operative intervention a median of 47 d (range, 5–540) after initial endoscopic drainage/debridement, due to persistence of WOPN (n = 3), recurrence of a fluid collection (n = 2), cutaneous fistula formation (n = 2), or technical failure, persistence of pancreatic pain, colonic obstruction, perforation, and flank abscess (n = 1 each)
Escourrou et al[91], 2008	13	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Double-pigtail stents	100%	100%	bleeding (n = 3), transient aggravation of sepsis (n = 3)
Seifert et al[93], 2009	93	Transmural endoscopic necresectomy	Multiple Stents	80%	80%	Bleeding (13), Perforations of the necrosis (5), fistula formation (2), air embolism (2), complications at other organs (2)
Gardner et al[102], 2009	45	25 used direct endoscopic neserectomy and 20 used conventional standard endoscopic drainage	Multiple Stents	45%	88% for DEN and 45% for Standard endoscopy drainage
Gardner et al[94], 2011	104	Direct endoscopic necrosectomy	Multiple Stents	91%	91%	14%; included 5 retrogastric perforations/pneumoperitoneum
Attam et al[98], 2014	10	endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy and transmural drain	Novel large-bore, fully covered metal through-the-scope esophageal stent	90%	100%
Smoczyński et al[100], 2014	112	Endoscopic drainage	Multiple Stents	84%	93%	Stoma bleeding (19), GI Perforation (4), collection perforation (2), sepsis (1), stent migration (3)
Sarkaria et al[97], 2014	17	EUS-guided drainage	Fully covered esophageal self-expandable metallic stents	83%	83%
Mukai et al[99], 2015	19	EUS-guided drainage and DEN for PFCs using the novel flared-type BFMS	novel flared-type biflangedmetal stent	100%	100%
Rinninella et al[64], 2015	52	EUS guidance FCSEMS/LACSEMS	Axios Stent	90.4%	100%	3 patients required surgery due to infection/1 patient had a perforated wall
Walter et al[63], 2015	46	EUS guided drainage	Axios Stent	81%	81%	9%

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography; GI: Gastrointestinal; DEN: Direct endoscopic necrosectomy; PFCs: Pancreatic fluid collections.