Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors among the general population and osteoarthritis patients

Table 1 Prevalence of gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors

	Overall Population (n = 801926 )	Without Osteoarthritis (n = 708107)	Osteoarthritis Patients (n = 93855)
Comorbid conditions
Peptic ulcer	9.15%	7.85%	19.00%
Diabetes	8.33%	7.04%	18.12%
Chronic liver disease	5.76%	5.28%	9.32%
Chronic renal failure	0.49%	0.44%	0.83%
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	14.30%	12.67%	26.60%
Concomitant drugs1
Aspirin	6.63%	5.41%	15.86%
Clopidogrel	1.78%	1.43%	4.44%
Cilostazol	0.66%	0.51%	1.76%
NSAIDs	5.99%	3.02%	28.42%
Steroid	1.28%	0.93%	3.94%
Anticoagulants2	0.18%	0.16%	0.36%
SSRI	0.44%	0.37%	1.00%
No. of risk factors
≥ 1	35.02%	30.58%	68.50%
≥ 2	13.87%	10.66%	38.04%
≥ 3	4.52%	2.97%	16.25%
No. of risk factors
(Excluding concomitant NSAIDs Use)
≥ 1	33.10%	29.49%	60.40%
≥ 2	11.81%	9.63%	28.26%
≥ 3	3.22%	2.38%	9.60%
No. of risk factors
(After H. pylori prevalence imputation)
≥ 1	64.57%	62.16%	82.76%
≥ 2	23.26%	20.08%	47.19%
≥ 3	8.12%	6.47%	20.60%

¹Subjects who were prescribed 60 d or more in 2013;

²Warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban were included. All P values from the χ² test between subjects without osteoarthritis and arthritis patients are below 0.001. NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Table 2 Age-group specific prevalence of gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors in overall population

	20-24	25-29	30-34	35-39	40-44	45-49	50-54	55-59	60-64	65-69	70-74	75-79	80-84	≥ 85 yr
Comorbid conditions
Peptic ulcer	3.84%	4.80%	4.92%	5.49%	7.61%	8.47%	10.87%	12.45%	14.20%	15.49%	17.50%	16.08%	13.72%	9.95%
Diabetes	0.31%	0.49%	0.96%	1.76%	3.27%	5.68%	8.78%	13.17%	18.18%	22.04%	25.48%	25.96%	23.55%	16.13%
Chronic liver disease	2.17%	2.99%	3.74%	4.40%	4.76%	5.99%	7.55%	8.68%	9.09%	9.03%	8.01%	6.91%	5.65%	3.96%
Chronic renal failure	0.03%	0.06%	0.09%	0.14%	0.23%	0.28%	0.39%	0.59%	0.88%	1.13%	1.66%	1.84%	1.96%	1.66%
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease	6.02%	8.34%	8.88%	9.92%	13.22%	13.63%	17.18%	19.11%	22.11%	22.85%	23.93%	20.94%	17.29%	11.43%
Concomitant drugs1
Aspirin	0.03%	0.08%	0.13%	0.42%	1.15%	2.65%	5.66%	10.21%	15.55%	19.84%	24.26%	25.57%	25.15%	19.66%
Clopidogrel	0.01%	0.01%	0.03%	0.09%	0.27%	0.56%	1.10%	2.13%	3.66%	5.18%	7.23%	8.59%	9.41%	7.19%
Cilostazol	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%	0.03%	0.11%	0.23%	0.48%	0.86%	1.36%	1.98%	2.59%	3.09%	2.96%	2.17%
NSAIDs	0.48%	0.66%	1.00%	1.65%	2.28%	3.58%	6.19%	8.77%	11.81%	15.27%	18.31%	19.83%	19.57%	14.99%
Steroid	0.27%	0.35%	0.44%	0.59%	0.72%	0.91%	1.23%	1.64%	2.18%	2.99%	3.60%	3.80%	3.48%	2.50%
Anticoagulants2	0.01%	0.01%	0.03%	0.04%	0.06%	0.09%	0.15%	0.23%	0.32%	0.47%	0.68%	0.88%	0.68%	0.46%
SSRI	0.16%	0.17%	0.15%	0.21%	0.24%	0.29%	0.38%	0.41%	0.59%	0.92%	1.23%	1.57%	1.88%	1.41%
No. of risk factors
≥ 1	11.53%	15.26%	16.72%	19.63%	25.88%	30.45%	40.22%	49.00%	58.39%	64.43%	70.27%	70.69%	67.59%	54.93%
≥ 2	1.66%	2.42%	3.23%	4.36%	6.59%	9.35%	14.79%	20.87%	28.01%	33.92%	39.74%	40.03%	36.67%	25.34%
≥ 3	0.16%	0.25%	0.39%	0.67%	1.22%	2.10%	3.92%	6.44%	10.06%	13.44%	17.08%	16.97%	15.05%	8.48%
No. of risk factors
(After H. pylori prevalence imputation)
≥ 1	34.84%	37.72%	51.60%	53.61%	64.84%	67.08%	76.84%	80.34%	83.99%	86.35%	87.86%	87.91%	86.93%	82.20%
≥ 2	4.24%	5.79%	8.93%	10.81%	16.85%	20.48%	30.34%	38.05%	46.72%	52.90%	57.54%	57.88%	54.60%	42.92%
≥ 3	0.54%	0.83%	1.60%	2.26%	4.04%	5.87%	10.63%	15.35%	21.22%	26.20%	30.43%	30.36%	27.95%	18.31%

¹Subjects who were prescribed 60 d or more in 2013;

²Warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban were included. NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Table 3 Sensitivity analysis for prevalence of gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors in overall population (%)

	20-24	25-29	30-34	35-39	40-44	45-49	50-54	55-59	60-64	65-69	70-74	75-79	80-84	≥ 85 yr
Comorbid conditions
Peptic ulcer	3.84%	4.80%	4.92%	5.49%	7.61%	8.47%	10.87%	12.45%	14.20%	15.49%	17.50%	16.08%	13.72%	9.95%
Diabetes	0.31%	0.49%	0.96%	1.76%	3.27%	5.68%	8.78%	13.17%	18.18%	22.04%	25.48%	25.96%	23.55%	16.13%
Chronic liver disease	2.17%	2.99%	3.74%	4.40%	4.76%	5.99%	7.55%	8.68%	9.09%	9.03%	8.01%	6.91%	5.65%	3.96%
Chronic renal failure	0.03%	0.06%	0.09%	0.14%	0.23%	0.28%	0.39%	0.59%	0.88%	1.13%	1.66%	1.84%	1.96%	1.66%
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	6.02%	8.34%	8.88%	9.92%	13.22%	13.63%	17.18%	19.11%	22.11%	22.85%	23.93%	20.94%	17.29%	11.43%
Concomitant drugs1
Aspirin	0.04%	0.09%	0.18%	0.50%	1.26%	2.84%	5.97%	10.67%	16.17%	20.60%	25.24%	26.59%	26.35%	20.75%
Clopidogrel	0.01%	0.01%	0.04%	0.10%	0.28%	0.59%	1.17%	2.25%	3.83%	5.47%	7.58%	9.03%	10.00%	7.75%
Cilostazol	0.00%	0.00%	0.02%	0.04%	0.13%	0.25%	0.54%	0.96%	1.48%	2.15%	2.83%	3.39%	3.21%	2.45%
NSAIDs	2.34%	3.31%	4.56%	6.29%	7.35%	9.96%	14.69%	18.52%	23.02%	27.50%	31.07%	31.68%	30.34%	22.76%
Steroid	0.88%	1.07%	1.28%	1.62%	1.88%	2.21%	2.91%	3.50%	4.43%	5.54%	6.59%	6.72%	6.07%	4.58%
Anticoagulants2	0.01%	0.01%	0.03%	0.04%	0.07%	0.10%	0.16%	0.25%	0.34%	0.53%	0.73%	0.96%	0.73%	0.50%
SSRI	0.21%	0.22%	0.21%	0.27%	0.32%	0.38%	0.50%	0.55%	0.74%	1.13%	1.53%	1.89%	2.13%	1.70%
No. of risk factors
(without H. pylori prevalence imputation)
≥ 1	13.32%	17.55%	19.61%	23.22%	29.38%	34.49%	44.88%	53.68%	62.87%	68.98%	74.57%	74.65%	71.74%	58.61%
≥ 2	2.25%	3.29%	4.42%	5.97%	8.57%	11.89%	18.42%	24.98%	33.02%	39.09%	45.26%	45.36%	41.69%	29.63%
≥ 3	0.29%	0.48%	0.74%	1.18%	1.99%	3.20%	5.72%	8.93%	13.23%	17.29%	21.32%	21.25%	18.75%	11.07%
No. of risk factors
(after H. pylori prevalence imputation)
≥ 1	36.21%	39.37%	53.24%	55.64%	66.45%	68.97%	78.69%	82.11%	85.68%	88.13%	89.66%	89.52%	88.55%	83.72%
≥ 2	5.12%	7.08%	10.87%	13.30%	19.66%	23.81%	34.58%	42.48%	51.41%	57.73%	62.40%	62.59%	59.14%	46.84%
≥ 3	0.78%	1.21%	2.32%	3.24%	5.45%	7.75%	13.52%	18.90%	25.56%	30.79%	35.35%	35.09%	32.49%	21.95%

¹Subjects who were prescribed 60 d or more in 2013;

²Warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban were included. NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.