Liver-targeted hydrodynamic gene therapy: Recent advances in the technique

Table 1 Non-viral gene delivery systems toward the liver

Method	Functional component
Lipids	Cationic lipids
Polymers	Cationic polymers
Proteins	Natural or chemically modified proteins in cationic nature
Peptides	Lysine or arginine residues in peptides
Needle injection	Mechanic force
Gene gun	Pressure
Electroporation	Electric pulse
Sonoporation	Ultrasound
Hydrodynamic delivery	Hydrodynamic pressure

Table 2 Summary of the applications of hydrodynamic delivery for functional analysis of therapeutic genes related to the diseases of gastroenterology and hepatology

Disease	Therapeutic Genes	Ref.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	Inducible nitric oxcide synthetase	[8]
Hepatitis	HBV knockdown	[5,9]
	HCV knockdown
Fulminant hepatitis	NKG2D knockdown	[7,10]
	osteopontin knockdown
Liver injury	c-met	[7,11]
	IL-37
	caspase knockdown
Liver fibrosis	platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta knockdown	[12]
Liver Regeneration	fibroblast growth factor 7	[13]
Fabry disease	alpha-galactosidase A	[7]
Pancreatitis	pancreatitis associated protein 1	[14]
Colon cancer	IL-15	[15]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IL: Interleukin.