Herbal medicines and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 List of Chinese herbal formulas for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Formula	Composition	Mechanisms	Ref.
Yinchenhao Decoction	Artemisia capillaries Thunb.	↓PPARγ expression	[46]
	Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
	Rheum palmatum L.
Qushi Huayu Decoction	Artemisia capillaries Thunb.	↓SCD1, ↓FAS,	[50]
	Rhizoma polygoni Cuspidati	↓ACAT, ↑CPT expression
	Hypericum japonicum Thunb	↓Lipid droplets and inflammatory infiltration
	Rhizoma curcumae Longae	↓TNFα
	Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
Danning Tablet	Rheum palmatum L.	↓Fat mass	[51]
	Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.	↓ALT level
	Citrus reticulata Blanco
	Curcuma rcenyujin Y.
	Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge
Sini San	Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd	↓ALT, ↓AST level	[52]
	Paeonia lactiflora Pall	↓Steatosis
	Fructus aurantii Immaturus
	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch
Ganzhixiao Decoction	Artemisia capillaries Thunb.	↓ALT, ↓TG, ↓IHCL level	[53]
	Rhizoma polygoni Cuspidati	↑CT value ratio
	Radix bupleuri Chinensis
Cigu Xiaozhi Pill	Sagittaria sagittifolia	↓ALT, ↓AST level	[56]
	Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn	↓TC, ↓TG level
	Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge
	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge
	Steleophaga plancyi Boleny
	Pinellia ternata Breit
Tangzhiqing Decoction	Paeonia veitchii Lynch	↓TC, ↓TG level	[54]
	Morus alba L.	↓LDL-C, ↓HDL-C level
	Lotus leaf Tea	↓Fat mass
	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.	↓MDA level
	Grataegus pinnati fida Bge.
Hugan Qingzhi Tablet	Alisma orientalis Juzep	↓ALT, ↓AST level	[55]
	Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge	↓TC, ↓TG level
	Typha orientalis C. Presl	↓IL-6, ↓P65
	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn
	Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng
BaiHuJia RenShen Decoction	Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge	↑p-AMPK level	[57]
	Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata	↓SCD1, ↓FAS,
	Oryza sativa L.	↓ACAT, ↑CPT expression
	Gypsum Fibrosum
	Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.
LiGan ShiLiuBaWei San	Punica granatum L.	↓ALT, ↓AST level	[58]
	Cinnamomum tamala Nees	↓TC, ↓TG,
	Alpinia katsumadai Hayata	↓FFA, ↓MDA level
	Piper longum Linn	↑PPARα expression
	Carthamus tinctorius L.
	Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire
	Zingiber oj-jicinale Rosc
	Myristica fragrans Houtt.
Gegenqinlian Decoction	Pueraria omeiensis Wang	↓LDL-C, ↓HDL-C level	[59]
	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	↓PPARγ
	Coptis chinensis Franch
	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch
Lingguizhugan Decoction	Smilax ocreafa A.	↓TC, ↓TG, ↓LDL-C	[60]
	Cinnamomum tamala Nees
	Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae
	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch
Huanglianjiedu Decoction	Coptis chinensis Franch	↓TC, ↓TG,	[61]
	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	↓LDL-C, ↓HDL-C leve
	Heteropogon contortus P.
	Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

Table 2 List of crude extracts from medicinal plants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Crude extract	Model	Mechanisms	Ref.
Polyphenols extract from Chinese blueberry	HepG2 cells	↓TG	[73]
		↓Inflammatory
Polyphenols extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	BALB/c normal liver cells	↓Death cell	[74]
		↓p-JNK, ↓Bax, ↓tBid expression
		↓MDA, ↑GSH levels
		↑CAT activity
Polyphenols extract from red grapes	Male Wistar rats	↓Steatosis, ↓TG	[75]
	(HFD)	↑SIRT-1, ↑p-ACC level
Polyphenols extract	C57BL/6J mice	↓Hepatic cholesterol	[76]
from grape skin	(HFD)	↓ChREBP, ↓PPARγ, ↓SCD1 ↓FAS,
		↓ACAT, ↑PPARα, ↑CPT expression
		↑β-oxidation, FAS, ME activity
		↓Leptin, ↑adiponectin, ↓NEFA
Polyphenols extract from Coffee	Male Wistar rats	↓ALT plasma,	[77]
	(HFD)	↑GSH/GSSG ratio, ↓MDA
		↓Lipid droplets and inflammatory Infiltration
		↓TNFα
		↑PPARα and Adipo R2 expression
		↑FRAP in serum
		↑IL-4 and IL-10
		↓IL-1a and IL-1b
Polyphenol extract from Aspalathus linearis Roiboos	Male C57BL/6J	↓Steatosis, ↓TG	[78]
	(HFD)	↓Macrophage infiltration
		↓Cholesterol and NEFA in serum
		↑p-AMPK level
		↑FAS level
Polyphenolic extract from Lotus root	Male db/db mice	↓Liver weight	[79]
		↓TG level
		↓FAS and ME activity
Polyphenol extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	Male C57BL/6J mice	↓Body weight ↓TG, ↓Steatosis	[72]
	(HFD)	↓Adipocyte size in adipose tissue
		↓Insulin resistance
		↓miR-103, ↓miR-107 and ↑miR-122 expression in liver
		↓FAS, ↑p-AMPK levels
		↓SREBP-1c expression
Flavonoids extract from Hawthorn leaf	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓ALT, ↓AST, ↓TC, ↓TG, ↓FFA, ↓FAS, ↑p-AMPK levels	[80]
	(HFD)
		↑PPARα, ↓SREBP-1c expression
Total aralosides extract from araliaelata	ApoE–/– mice	↓IL-6, ↓TNFα, ↓P65, ↓p-JNK expression	[81]
	(HFD)
Rubus aleaefolius	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓TC, ↓TG, ↓FFA,	[82]
	(HFD)	↓SCD1, ↓FAS,
		↓ACAT, ↑CPT expression
Neomangiferin	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓TC, ↓TG,	[83]
	(HFD)	↓MDA, ↑SOD,
		↑PPARα, ↑CPT,
		↓FATP2, ↓ACSL1 expression
Deepure Tea	C57BL/6J mice	↓SCD1, ↓FAS, ↑p-AMPK levels	[84]
	(HFD)	↑p-ACC level
		↓SREBP-1c expression