Increased catabolism and decreased unsaturation of ganglioside in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Relative content of GM3, GD3 and GD1a gangliosides in intestinal mucosa

	Control (BAP)(n = 6)	Control (CRC)(n = 12)	IBD(n = 11)	PooledSEM
GM3	27.5a	24.4a	48.6b	3.8
GD3	26.3	39.4	31.4	2.4
GD1a	38.0c	31.7c	11.6d	2.6

Mean total GM3, GD3 and GD1a are reported as average relative percent of total ganglioside within subject groups. Ganglioside species constituting less than 8% of total ganglioside are not listed (GT1a, GM1, GT3). Superscript letters (c, d) denote differences (P < 0.01) among study groups; Superscript letters (a, b) denote differences (P < 0.05) among study groups. SEM: Standard error of the mean; CRC: Colorectal cancer; BAP: Benign adenomatous polyposis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 2 Quantitative content GM3 and GD3 gangliosides in intestinal mucosa

	Control (BAP) (n = 6)	Control (CRC) (n = 12)	IBD(n = 11)	Pooled SEM
GM3
μg/g tissue	2.4a,b	1.0a	5.8b	0.8
μg/g protein	62.3c,d	19.2c	77.8d	14.1
mg/mol PL	317.7	379.2	196.9	67.7
GD3
μg/g tissue	1.4	1.6	1.4	0.2
μg/g protein	36.8	31.3	20.2	6.1
mg/mol PL	38.1	17.7	15.4	3.0
GM3/GD3
Tissue	1.7a	1.4a	5.6b	0.90
Protein	1.8a	1.5a	5.6b	0.90
PL	8.4a	19.3 b	20.1b	2.40

Mean total GM3, GD3 and GM3/GD3 content was standardized to wet tissue weight, protein content or phospholipid and reported quantitatively within subject groups. Superscript letters (a, b) denote differences (P < 0.05) among study groups; Superscript letters (c, d) denote differences (P < 0.10) among study groups. SEM: Standard error of the mean; CRC: Colorectal cancer; BAP: Benign adenomatous polyposis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 3 Relative content of unsaturated bonds in GM3, GD3 and GD1a gangliosides in intestinal mucosa

	Unsaturated Bonds	Control (BAP) (n = 6)	Control (CRC) (n = 12)	IBD(n = 11)	Pooled SEM
GM3	0	5.73a	2.77b	3.3a,b	0.41
	1	69.96	73.40	68.34	1.30
	2	21.86	21.62	25.24	1.05
	3	2.45	2.22	3.10	0.21
	UI	1.21	1.23	1.28	0.07
GD3	0	9.28	6.18	5.91	1.18
	1	59.39c	58.67c	87.88d	2.91
	2	28.28c	32.98c	6.21d	2.45
	3	3.09c	2.18c	NDd	0.30
	UI	1.25c	1.31c	1.00d	0.17
GD1a	0	5.32a,b	6.8a	3.11b	0.68
	1	64.95c	59.26c	89.93d	3.05
	2	26.21c	30.51c	8.06d	2.44
	3	3.55c	3.43c	NDd	0.44
	UI	1.28c	1.31c	1.06d	0.17

Major classes of gangliosides stratified by number of unsaturated bonds are reported as average relative percent of respective major ganglioside. Superscript letters (a, b) denote differences (P < 0.05) among study groups; Superscript letters (c, d) denote differences (P < 0.01) among study groups. ND: Not detected; SEM: Standard error of the mean; CRC: Colorectal cancer; BAP: Benign adenomatous polyposis; UI: Unsaturation index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 4 Relative content of individual GM3, GD3 and GD1a ganglioside species in intestinal mucosa

	Ceramide	Control (BAP) (n = 6)	Control (CRC) (n = 12)	IBD(n = 11)	Pooled SEM
GD3	43:0	8.4c	5.2c	NDd	0.7
	34:1	8.9c	8.2c	20.2d	1.6
	36:1	2.4a	4.0a	6.0b	0.4
	38:1	2.9c	3.9c	10.8d	0.8
	40:1	14.2c	15.9c	48.4d	3.3
	42:1	24.8c	22.0c	NDd	2.3
	40:2	1.0c	1.1c	3.67d	0.3
	42:2	26.8c	31.8c	NDd	2.9
	42:3	3.1c	2.4c	NDd	0.3
GD1a	43:0	4.3c	3.0c	NDd	0.4
	34:1	6.5a	3.1a	12.0b	1.1
	36:1	16.9	14.8	24.0	2.3
	38:1	8.7c	8.8c	19.3d	1.3
	40:1	13.1c	13.9c	33.9d	2.4
	42:1	15.3c	15.1c	NDd	1.8
	40:2	2.0a	1.7a	4.3b	0.4
	42:2	22.2c	28.5c	NDd	2.7
	42:3	3.5c	3.4c	NDd	0.4

Mean relative individual ganglioside species stratified by ceramide composition are presented. Ceramide composition within ganglioside is shown by the number of carbon atoms (34-43): number of unsaturated bonds (0-3). Superscript letters (a, b) denote differences (P < 0.05) among study groups; Superscript letters (c, d) denote differences (P < 0.01) among study groups. ND: Not detected; SEM: Standard error of the mean; CRC: Colorectal cancer; BAP: Benign adenomatous polyposis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 5 Unsaturated ceramide species of phosphatidylcholine in intestinal mucosa

Unsaturated Bonds	Control (BAP)(n = 6)	Control (CRC)(n = 12)	IBD(n = 11)	Pooled SEM
0	9.82	10.05	12.43	0.76
1	6.14	7.77	8.8	0.59
2	53.78	54.57	58.87	1.69
> 2	30.26a	27.61a	19.9b	1.38
UI	2.33a	2.27b	2.06b	0.03

Mean relative content of phosphatidylcholine (PC) stratified by the number of unsaturated bonds is presented. No significant differences were observed in species of PE. Superscript letters (a, b) denote differences (P < 0.05) among study groups. SEM: Standard error of the mean; CRC: Colorectal cancer; BAP: Benign adenomatous polyposis; UI: Unsaturation index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.