Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

Table 1 Composition of the experimental diets used in this study (g/kg)

	Experimental diet
	Normal diet	High-fat diet
Carbohydrate (% of energy)	69.86	48.45
Protein (% of energy)	21.76	17.91
Fat (% of energy)	8.38	33.64
Energy (kcal/100 g)	377.19	450.52
Ingredient (g/kg)
Cornstarch	397.5	208.7
Casein	200.0	200.0
Dextrose	132.0	69.3
Sucrose	100.0	252.5
Soybean oil	70.0	36.8
Fiber	50.0	26.2
Mineral mix1	35.0	18.4
Vitamin mix1	10.0	5.3
L-Cystine	3.0	1.6
Choline bitartrate	2.5	1.3
Lard	0.0	150.0
Cholesterol	0.0	11.0
Calcium hydrogen phosphate	0.0	17.0
Sodium cholate	0.0	2.0
Total	1000	1000

¹Based on the AIN-93G vitamin and mineral mixes.

Table 2 Body weight of rats at different time points

Group	Weight (g)
	9 d	19 d
ND	201 ± 7.05	254 ± 8.90
HFD	199 ± 7.59	262 ± 15.09

Values represent the mean ± SD. After 9 d of acclimation, the rats were randomly divided into the normal diet (ND) (n = 8) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n = 32) groups. The rats in the HFD group were then fed a high-fat diet for 10 d.

Table 3 Effects of lutein on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet

Group	Serum (mmol/L)				Liver (μmol/g)
	TC	TG	LDL-C	HDL-C	TC	TG
ND	1.01 ± 0.15	0.55 ± 0.16	0.184 ± 0.134	0.80 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.06	2.14 ± 0.44
HFD	1.88 ± 0.25b	0.57 ± 0.17	0.566 ± 0.350a	0.59 ± 0.15b	1.65 ± 0.13b	8.28 ± 1.40b
HFD + Lut12.5	1.95 ± 0.25	0.45 ± 0.11	0.515 ± 0.487	0.88 ± 0.11d	1.74 ± 0.10	7.09 ± 1.00c
HFD + Lut25	1.53 ± 0.23d	0.51 ± 0.12	0.305 ± 0.224	0.80 ± 0.17d	1.66 ± 0.15	6.41 ± 0.97d
HFD + Lut50	1.98 ± 0.24	0.45 ± 0.11	0.712 ± 0.342	0.70 ± 0.11	1.53 ± 0.08c	7.27 ± 1.14

Values represent the mean ± SD of n = 8 rats/group. Rats in the normal diet (ND) group were supplied with a standard diet for 55 d. Rats in the high fat diet (HFD) group were fed a high fat diet for 10 d first, and then fed a high fat diet plus 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg (body weight)/d lutein for 45 d.

^bP < 0.01 vs ND group,

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs HFD group. TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol.