Burden of Clostridium difficile infection between 2010 and 2013: Trends and outcomes from an academic center in Eastern Europe

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with Clostridium difficile infection and controls

	CDI cases(n = 247)	Controls(n = 732)	P value
Age (yr)	72.4 (14.2)	70.6 (13.8)	NS
Male/female	90/157	276/455	NS
Charlson Index	5.6 (3.1)	4.8 (3.0)	< 0.001
Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index	6.8 (2.7)	5.9 (2.7)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	108.3 (101.3)	49.8 (74.0)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin (mg/L)	1.8 (8.1)	1.2 (12.4)	NS
WBC count (G/L)	14.3 (20.9)	9.9 (8.4)	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	29.5 (9.9)	36.2 (11.2)	< 0.001
Creatinine (μmol/l)	158.3 (158.2)	124.1 (117.7)	< 0.001
Na (mmol/L)	137.7 (14.7)	136.1 (25.1)	NS
K (mmol/L)	4.1 (4.4)	4.4 (4.8)	NS

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; CRP: C reactive protein; NS: Not significant; WBC: White blood cell count.

Table 2 Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in inpatients

	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
Gender	P = 0.77	P = 0.47
Previous Clostridium difficile infection	P < 0.001,	P = 0.08
	OR = 15.3
	95%CI: 2.03-48.7
Previous hospitalization1	P < 0.001,	P < 0.001,
	OR = 3.17	OR = 2.39,
	95%CI: 2.19-4.57	95%CI: 1.61-3.51
Healthcare facility or nursery home	P = 0.06	P = 0.81
Treatment with "risk" antibiotics	P < 0.001 ,	P < 0.001
	OR = 4.56	OR = 4.09,
	95%CI: 3.36-6.19	95%CI: 2.98-5.61
Proton pump inhibitor therapy	P < 0.001,	P = 0.006
	OR = 2.08	OR = 1.62,
	95%CI: 1.52-2.85	95%CI: 1.15-2.29
Charlson Comorbidity Index	P = 0.001	P = 0.004
		OR = 1.08,
		95%CI: 1.03-1.14

¹Within 1 year from index hospitalization. Previous “risk” antibiotic therapy: clindamycin, penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, or fluoroquinolones. Previous treatment strategy was registered within 1 year from diagnosis of CDI. Proton pump inhibitor therapy was defined as at least the suggested daily dose (20 mg omeprazole, 30 mg lansoprazole, or 40 mg pantoprazole or esomeprezol). OR: Odds ratio; NA: Not applicable.