Accurate definition and management of idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis

Table 1 Distribution of articles and number of cases with idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis according to countries n (%)

Countries	Published articles	Published cases
China	8 (10.95)	104 (53.88)
India	21 (28.76)	35 (18.13)
Turkey	14 (19.17)	17 (8.80)
Nigeria	3 (4.10)	5 (2.59)
Taiwan	2 (2.74)	2 (1.03)
Pakistan	2 (2.74)	2 (1.03)
Qatar	2 (2.74)	3 (1.55)
Saudi Arabia	2 (2.74)	2 (1.03)
Israel	2 (2.74)	3 (1.55)
Iran	2 (2.74)	2 (1.03)
Nepal	2 (2.74)	2 (1.03)
Brazil	2 (2.74)	3 (1.55)
Italy	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
United States	1 (1.37)	2 (1.03)
South Korea	1 (1.37)	2 (1.03)
Senegal	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Iraq	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Belgium	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Bangladesh	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Kuwait	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Malaysia	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
New Zealand	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)
Greece	1 (1.37)	1 (0.51)

China has reported the greatest number of cases, while India has published the greatest number of articles.

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 193 patients with idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis

Ref.	Year	Country	Case number	Age (yr)	Sex	Duration symptom	Preoperative diagnosis	Radiologic tools	Surgical approach
Rasihashemi et al[2]	2014	Iran	1	25	M	2 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + Barium + CT	E + A
Nanwadekar et al[3]	2014	India	1	17	F	4 d	Int Obst	X-ray + US + Endosc.	E + A
Li et al[4]	2014	China	65	39 (14-79)	M: 57	3.9 ± 6.7 yr	ACS: 31	NS	NS
					F: 8		NS: 34
Jovani et al[5]	2014	Italy	1	44	M	60 mo	ACS	US + CT + MR	NS
Akbulut et al[6]	2014	Turkey	1	87	M	3 mo	Int Obst + perforation	X-ray + US	E + A + resection + ileostomy
Sreevathsa et al[7]	2013	India	3	43	M	12 mo	ACS	X-ray + CT	E + A
				13	F	12 mo	Int Obst	X-ray	Ileocecal resection
				14	F	6 mo	Int Obst (Subacute)	X-ray	Ileocecal resection
Singh et al[8]	2013	India	9	NS	NS	NS	NS: 9	NS	NS
Shah et al[9]	2013	India	1	14	F	6 mo	ACS	Barium + CT	E + A
Serter et al[10]	2013	Turkey	2	32	M	2 d	Int Hernia	X-Ray + CT	E + A
				49	M	1 wk	ACS	CT	E + A
Rahmati et al[12]	2013	Iran	1	50	M	3 mo	ACS	US + CT + Endosc.	E + A
Patel et al[13]	2013	India	1	45	M	6 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A + ileal resection
Ozkan et al[14]	2013	Turkey	1	48	M	1 wk	ACS	X-ray + CT	E + A
Hu et al[15]	2013	China	1	29	F	Asympt.	Infertility	US	E + A + suturing (iatrogenic ileal injury)
Gupta et al[16]	2013	India	1	40	M	NS	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Gadhire et al[17]	2013	India	1	35	M	1 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Awe[18]	2013	Nigeria	1	18	F	3 d	Int Obst	X-ray	E + A
Al Thani et al[19]	2013	Qatar	1	41	M	7 mo	Int Obst (subacute)	CT	E + A
Thakur et al[20]	2012	India	1	14	F	6 mo	Abd Mass	US	E + A
Taylor et al[21]	2012	N Zealand	1	42	M	3 d	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A + appendectomy
Solak et al[22]	2012	Turkey	1	58	M	24 mo	ACS (previously operated)	X-ray + US + CT	Steroid + mycophenolate mofetil
Shakya et al[23]	2012	Nepal	1	20	M	12 mo	Int Obst	X-ray	E + A + Ileostomy (iatrogenic ileal injury)
Ndiaye et al[24]	2012	Senegal	1	15	F	2 mo	ACS	Barium + CT	E + A + Suturing (iatrogenic ileal injury)
Meshikhes et al[25]	2012	Saudi Arabia	1	45	M	6 mo	Int Obst + Abd mass	CT	E + A + appendecectomy
Malik et al[26]	2012	Pakistan	1	24	F	60 mo	Int Obst	X-ray	E + A
Kumar et al[27]	2012	India	2	18	F	24 mo	ACS ?	Barium + US + CT	Antitubercular therapy
				14	F	NS	ACS ?	CT + US	Antitubercular therapy
Kayastha et al[28]	2012	Pakistan	1	13	F	2 mo	Acute appendicitis	US	E + A
Kaur et al[29]	2012	India	2	43	M	180 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
				17	F	4 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Araujo Filho et al[30]	2012	Brazil	1	36	M	10 d	ACS	US + CT	E + A
Chatura et al[31]	2012	India	1	14	F	NS	Int Obst + Abd mass	US	E + A + ileocolectomy
Yeniay et al[33]	2011	Turkey	2	26	F	2 d	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A
				71	M	3 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A
Kirshtein et al[34]	2011	Israel	1	82	M	4 d	Int Obst	X-Ray + gastrografin	E + A
Jayant et al[35]	2011	India	1	16	F	NS	Int Obst	CT	E + A
Gupta et al[36]	2011	Nepal	1	42	M	4 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Ertem et al[37]	2011	Turkey	1	29	M	2 d	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT	E + A - laparoscopic
Da Luz et al[38]	2011	Brazil	2	30	M	NS	Int Obst + Int Hernia	X-ray + barium	E + A + laparostomy
				32	M	6 mo	Int Obst + Chron?	X-ray + barium	E + A
Bassiouny et al[39]	2011	Qatar	2	7	M	48 mo	Int Obst + Abd mass	X-ray	E + A
				12	F	48 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US	E + A
Wang et al[40]	2010	China	1	48	M	3 mo	ACS	CT	E + A + appendectomy
Tombak et al[41]	2011	Turkey	1	36	M	1 mo	ACS	CT	E + A
Naik et al[42]	2010	India	1	70	M	48 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT + Endosc.	E + A
Lee et al[43]	2010	Taiwan	1	57	F		ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Gurleyik et al[44]	2010	Turkey	1	30	M	36 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Al Saied et al[45]	2010	Saudi Arabia	1	24	M	36 mo	ACS	X-ray + CT	E + A
Yang et al[46]	2009	China	1	43	M	NS	NS	X-ray + Endosc.	Resection (?)
Yang et al[47]	2009	China	6	43.7 (39-48)	M: 4	3-60 mo	Int Obst: 5	X-ray + CT	E + A: 5
					F: 2		ACS: 1		E + A + jejunal resection: 1
Wu et al[48]	2009	Taiwan	1	80	M	24 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Wei et al[49]	2009	China	24	34 (15-57)	M: 9	3 d-216 mo	ACS: 4	X-ay + barium + US + CT	E + A + appendectomy: 17
					F: 15		Int Obst/mass: 20		E + A + enterotomy: 2
									E + A + cecofixation: 2
									E + A: 3
Tasdelen et al[50]	2009	Turkey	1	85	F	3 d	Int Obst + Int Hernia	X-ray + CT	E + A + jejunoileal resection with anastomosis
Reynders et al[51]	2009	Belgium	1	40	M	36 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A + Meckel's resection + appendectomy
Mohanty et al[52]	2009	India	1	15	F	24 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Kumar et al[53]	2009	India	3	45	M	24 mo	ACS	X-ray + CT	E + A
				63	M	216 mo	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
				16	F	10 h	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Ibrahim et al[54]	2009	Nigeria	1	14	M	72 h	Int Obst	X-ray	E + A + appendectomy
Choudhury et al[55]	2009	Bangladesh	1	15	F	12 mo	Appendiceal mass	US	Partial ileocolic resection with anastomosis
Zheng et al[56]	2008	China	1	69	M	1 d	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A + ileal resection with anastomosis
Bas et al[57]	2008	Turkey	1	42	M	5 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A
Singh et al[58]	2008	India	1	38	M	12 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US	E + A
Xu et al[59]	2007	China	5	41	F	4 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT + Endosc.	E + A
				49	F	120 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT + Endosc.	E + A
				21	M	36 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT + Endosc.	E + A
				41	M	1 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT + Endosc.	Adhesiolysis + jejunal resection with anastomosis
				36	M	2 wk	Int Obst	X-ray + CT + Endosc.	E + A
Demir et al[60]	2007	Turkey	1	38	M	6-7 mo	ACS	CT	E + A
Cai et al[61]	2007	United States	2	38	M	2 d	Int Obst	X-ray	E + A
				45	M	8 h	Int Obst	CT	E + A
Basu et al[62]	2007	India	1	47	M	3 mo	Abd mass	X-ray + US + barium	E + A
Al-Ibrahim et al[63]	2007	Kuwait	1	33	M	1 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Serafimidis et al[64]	2006	Greece	1	56	M	48 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT + Endosc.	E + A
Rokade et al[65]	2006	India	1	26	F	12 mo	ACS (previously operated)	US + CT	E + A
Pillai et al[66]	2006	India	1	13	F	NS	ACS	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
Akca et al[67]	2006	Turkey	1	57	M	75 d	Int Hernia + mesenteritis	US + CT + Colonosc.	NS
Yucel et al[68]	2004	Turkey	2	15	F	NS	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A
				38	M	72 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + CT	E + A
Hur et al[69]	2004	South Korea	2	34	F	120 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + barium + US + CT	NS
				47	M	NS	Int Obst	X-ray + barium + CT	NS
Vijayaraghavan et al[70]	2003	India	1	12	F	3 mo	ACS + Int Hernia	US	E + A
Ranganathan et al[71]	2003	Malaysia	1	25	F	3 mo	Large ovarian mass + ascites	US + CT	E + A
Hasan[72]	2002	Iraq	1	20	F	NS	Acute abdomen	Pregnant patient	E + A
Hamaloglu et al[73]	2002	Turkey	1	38	M	12 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + Barium + US	E + A
Okobia et al[74]	2001	Nigeria	3	18	F	5 mo	Pelvic collection	US	E + A + appendectomy
				12	F	1 wk	Mesenteric cyst	X-ray + US	E + A + appendectomy
				10	F	2 mo	Ovarian Tm + Burkitt's Tm + uterine mass	X-ray + Urography	E + A + appendectomy
Mordehai et al[75]	2001	Israel	2	14	F	1 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US + CT	E + A
				15	F	6 mo	Int Obst	X-ray + US	E + A
Kumar et al[76]	2000	India	1	12	F	24 h	Int Obst	X-ray + US	E + A

CT: Computed tomography; US: Ultrasonography; X-Ray: Plain X-ray abdominal radiography; Endosc: Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Int Obst: Intestinal obstruction; ACS: Abdominal cocoon syndrome; Abd mass: Abdominal mass; Int Hernia: Internal herniation; NS: Non-stated; E + A: Excision + adhesiolysis.

Table 3 Classification of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis according to underlying cause

Primary (idiopathic) sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis

I Adolescent form

II Adult form

Secondary sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis

I Systemically induced by

Beta adrenergic blocking agents

Practolol

Timolol

Propanolol

Other drugs

Methotrexate

Protein S deficiency

Exposure to asbestosis

II Induced by possible local and/or systemic irritants

Peritoneal dialysis

Abdominal trauma

Abdominal surgery

Liver transplantation

Peritoneovenous shunt

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Peritoneal sarcoidosis

Liver cirrhosis

Peritoneal tuberculosis

Sarcoidosis

Familial mediterranean fever

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Gastrointestinal malignancy

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Fibrogenic foreign body

Endometriosis

Dermoid cyst rupture

Luteinized ovarian thecomas

Cytomegalovirus peritonitis

Recurrent peritonitis

Granulomatous peritonitis related with parasitic infestation