Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic vs open surgery for stages II and III rectal cancer: A retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients n (%)

	LRR (n = 152)	ORR (n = 254)	P value
Age1 (yr)	59 (24-90)	55 (19-86)	0.033
Sex			0.600
Male	95 (62.5)	151 (59.4)
Female	57 (37.5)	103 (40.6)
BMI (kg/m2)	22.7 (11.1)	23.1 (9.5)	0.369
ASA			0.542
1	36	50
2	98	177
3	18	27
Tumor location			0.837
Upper rectum (10.1-15.0 cm)	39 (25.7)	59 (23.2)
Middle (5.1-10.0 cm)	60 (39.5)	101 (39.8)
Lower rectum (0-5 cm)	53 (34.9)	94 (37.0)
Tumor stage			0.259
II	78 (51.3)	115 (45.3)
III	74 (48.7)	139 (54.7)
Cell differentiation			0.192
Low	15 (9.9)	41 (16.1)
Middle	101 (66.4)	161 (63.4)
High	36 (23.7)	52 (20.5)
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy	13 (8.6)	16 (6.3)	0.429
Postoperative chemotherapy			0.745
Total cycle	30 (19.7)	51 (20.1)
Partial cycle	18 (11.8)	24 (9.4)
Abdominal surgery history	21 (13.8)	28 (11.0)	0.433
Follow-up1 (mo)	63 (28-112)	65 (32-118)	0.211

¹Values are median (range).

Table 2 Operative and pathological outcomes

	LRR (n = 152)	ORR (n = 254)	P value
Surgical procedure			0.001
Anterior resection	124 (81.6)	168 (66.1)
Abdominoperineal resection	28 (18.4)	86 (33.9)
Protective ileostomy	32 (21.1)	49 (19.3)	0.701
Operating time1, min	188.9 (67.7)	188.7 (65.4)	0.982
Estimated blood loss2, mL	50 (20-1500)	200 (60-3000)	< 0.001
Blood transfusion	7 (4.6)	30 (11.8)	0.019
Conversion, n (%)	7 (4.6)
Resection margin involvement			0.809
R0	144 (94.7)	243 (95.7)
R1	8 (5.3)	11 (4.3)
Proximal resection margin1, cm	11.2 (3.4)	11.7 (3.6)	0.148
Distal resection margin1, cm	3.1 (1.7)	3.0 (1.5)	0.182
No. of lymph nodes harvested1	12.9 (6.1)	12.2 (6.2)	0.240
No. of metastatic lymph nodes	1.7 (2.9)	1.8 (3.3)	0.760
Tumor size, cm	3.9 (1.2)	4.0 (1.1)	0.425

¹Values are mean ± SD;

²Values are median (range).

Table 3 Postoperative recovery outcomes n (%)

	Laparoscopic	Open	P value
	(n = 152)	(n = 254)
Time to first flatus, d	2.8 (1.0)	3.7 (1.1)	< 0.001
Time to liquid diet, d	3.7 (1.1)	4.5 (1.3)	< 0.001
Postoperative hospital stay, d	11.7 (3.7)	13.7 (4.3)	< 0.001
Postoperative morbidity	38 (25.0)	66 (22.4)	0.907
Wound infection	6 (3.9)	11 (4.3)	0.851
Ileus	4 (2.6)	5 (2.0)	0.733
Anastomotic leak	6 (3.9)	5 (2.0)	0.343
Anastomotic stenosis	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.377
Hemorrhage	4 (2.6)	17 (6.7)	0.103
Abdominal infection	5 (3.3)	2 (0.8)	0.108
Respiratory infection	6 (3.9)	12 (4.7)	0.807
Cardiac disease	1 (0.7)	6 (2.4)	0.264
Renal failure	0 (0.0)	3 (1.2)	0.296
Urinary tract infection	5 (3.3)	3 (1.2)	0.157
Cerebrovascular diseases	0 (0.0)	2 (0.8)	0.530
Postoperative mortality	4 (2.6)	5 (2.0)	0.733