Suitable closure for post-duodenal endoscopic resection taking medical costs into consideration

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients

	Conventional clip group, n	Over-the-scope clip group, n	P value1
Patients	12	7
Age (yr), mean ± SD	62.5 ± 15.8	64.3 ± 13.7	0.20
Sex, M/F	8/4	5/2	0.42
Location of lesions
2nd portion	10	5	0.31
Bulb	2	2	0.40
Resection method (mean ± SD, min)
EMR	8 (15.7 ± 3.68)	4 (14.6 ± 4.57)	0.52 (0.68)
ESD	4 (45.7 ± 12.51)	3 (55.7 ± 16.35)	0.43 (0.43)

¹Mann-Whitney U test. EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Table 2 Results for the two groups

	Conventional clip (n = 12)	Over-the-scope clip (n = 7)	P value1
Lesion diameter (mm), mean ± SD	12.5 ± 1.60	13.3 ± 1.74	0.140
Resection diameter (mm), mean ± SD	18.8 ± 1.30	22.9 ± 1.21	0.039
Delayed bleeding (POD 1-7)	3	0	0.049
Treatment measure for delayed bleeding	hemostatic forceps	-	-
Delayed perforation (POD 1-7)	0	0	-
Procedure time of ulcer closure (min), mean ± SD	33.26 ± 12.57	9.71 ± 2.92	0.0001
Clips, mean	9.8	1.25	0.015
Total clips	121	10	0.002
Cost of one clip (¥/$/€)2	975/9.56/7.01	80000/785/576	0.008
Cost of all clips (¥/$/€)2	117975/1257/847	800000/7850/5760	0.005
Pathological diagnosis
Adenoma	7	4	0.410
Tubular adenocarcinoma	4	2	0.390
Leiomyoma	1	0	0.810
Carcinoid	0	1	0.810

¹Mann-Whitney U test;

²Average exchange rate at September, 2014.