Hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis: A long-term follow-up study

Table 1 Clinical data of patients with hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis

Characteristic	Frequency
Symptoms1
Jaundice	54.3%
Abdominal pain	31.4%
Weight loss	20.0%
Indication for intervention1
Cholestasis	54.3%
Jaundice	25.7%
Stenosis of biliary tract	17.1%
Cholangitis	11.4%
Intervention method1
ERCP + stent replacement	82.9%
PTCD	31.4%
ERCP without stent replacement	22.9%
MRCP	14.3%
Additional procedures1
Papillotomy	68.8%
Dilatation of the bile ducts	50.0%
Gallstone extraction	25.0%
Types of stents
Plastic stent	30.8%
Pigtail drainage	7.7%
Metal stent	3.9%
Percutaneous drainage	3.9%
Transhepatic jejunal endless drainage	3.9%
No data	50.0%

¹Multiple indications possible. ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; PTCD: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage.

Table 2 Hepatic function parameters in six patients with alveolar echinococcosis with hepatobiliary complications and intervention

Parameter	First diagnosis	Intervention	Post-intervention
ALT, U/L	109.0 ± 64.3	169.0 ± 87.4	118.5 ± 154.9
AST, U/L	72.7 ± 50.0	108.7 ± 41.9	66.7 ± 50.0
GGT, U/L	301.3 ± 237.3	393.3 ± 242.3	227.3 ± 117.7
AP, U/L	272.3 ± 134.8	300.3 ± 75.5	246.5 ± 95.5
Bilirubin, mmol/L	101.3 ± 164.8	147.1 ± 154.2	83.6 ± 89.8

ALT: Alanine transaminase; AP: Alkaline phosphotase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Table 3 Hepatic function parameters in patients with and without hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis and subsequent intervention at time of first diagnosis

Parameter	Hepatobiliary complications		P value
	No (n = 148)	Yes (n = 24)
ALT, U/L	43.2 ± 73.6	59.8 ± 48.7	0.0035
AST, U/L	29.3 ± 35.4	41.4 ± 35.5	0.0431
GGT, U/L	94.4 ± 133.2	186.4 ± 194.1	0.0005
AP, U/L	123.8 ± 88.6	200.3 ± 125.5	0.0016
Bilirubin, mmol/L	9.8 ± 6.2	36.5 ± 86.7	0.0148

ALT: Alanine transaminase; AP: Alkaline phosphotase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Table 4 Type of complications

Complication	Frequency
During first intervention
Failure visualize bile ducts	66.7%
Bleeding at the papilla of vater	16.7%
Bile leakage	16.7%
Within first week after intervention1
Pancreatitis	41.7%
Cholangitis	33.3%
Hemorrhage	8.3%
Wound infection	8.3%
Fistula formation	8.3%
Bacteremia	8.3%
Abdominal pain	8.3%
Abscess information	8.3%
Pneumoperitoneum	8.3%

¹Multiple indications possible.