An association between Helicobacter pylori and upper respiratory tract disease: Fact or fiction?

Table 1 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and rhinitis/sinusitis

Ref.	Patients (n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Rhinitis
Cellini et al[43]	42	Nasal mucus	Culture	0%
Imamura et al[44]	211	Blood	ELISA	44.8%
Sinusitis
Ozyurt et al[52]	32	Nasal polyp	PCR	59.4%
Szczygielski et al[53]	61	Nasal polyp	Urease test	0%
Kaviani et al[54]	37	Nasal polyp	Urease test	24.3%
		Blood	ELISA (IgG)	66.2%
Cvorovic et al[55]	23	Nasal polyp	Urease test/giemsa staining	26.1%
Včeva et al[57]	35	Nasal polyp	PCR	28.6%
		Blood	ELISA	85.7%
Burduk et al[58]	30	Nasal polyp	PCR	100%
Morinaka et al[59]	11	Nasal and maxillary sinus tissues	PCR	18.2%
			Urease test	27.3%
			Culture	0%
			IHC	63.6%
Ozdek et al[60]	12	Ethmoid mucosa	PCR	33.3%
Koc et al[61]	30	Nasal polyp	IHC	20%
		Blood	ELISA	86.7%
Kim et al[62]	48	Intranasal tissue	Urease test/IHC	25%
Jelavic et al[63]	40	Nasal polyp	IHC	70%
Ozcan et al[64]	25	Nasal polyp	Urease test	4%
			IHC	0%
		Blood	ELISA	24%
Dinis et al[71]	15	Sinonasal tissue	PCR	19%
Nemati et al[72]	25	Nasal polyp	PCR	0%
			Culture	0%
			Urease test	0%

IHC: Immunohistochemistry; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 2 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and adenoiditis/adenoid hyperplasia

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Unver et al[73]	12	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	25%
Khademi et al[74]	56	Adenotonsillar tissue	Urease test	48%
Farhadi et al[75]	40	Adenoid tissue	PCR	15%
		Blood	ELISA (IgG)	20%
			ELISA (IgA)	17.5%
Eyigor et al[76]	47	Adenotonsillar tissue	Urease test	5.5%
			PCR	0%
Cirak et al[77]	10	Adenoid tissue	PCR	30%
Abdel-Monem et al[80]	10	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	40%
			PCR	20%
		Blood	ELISA	20%
Bulut et al[81]	71	Adenotonsillar tissue	Urease test	13.6%
			PCR	24.6%
Vilarinho et al[82]	55	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	3.6%
			IHC	0%
			FISH	0%
			PCR	0%
Hussey et al[83]	78	Adenoid tissue	PCR	0%
			Histology	0%
Vayisoglu et al[84]	60	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	3.3%
			IHC	3.3%
		Blood	ELISA (IgG)	13.3%
			ELISA (IgA)	3.3%
Bitar et al[85]	25	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	84%
			Histology	16%
			PCR	0%
Bitar et al[86]	18	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	72.2%
			PCR	0%
Pitkäranta et al[87]	20	Adenoid tissue	Culture	0%
		Fecal samples	ELISA	20%
Toros et al[88]	84	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	0%
			Histology	0%
Ozcan et al[89]	19	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	0%
			IHC	0%
Fancy et al[90]	45	Adenoid tissue	PCR	22.2%
Yilmaz et al[91]	42	Adenoid tissue	Culture	28.6%
			PCR	47.6%
Yilmaz et al[92]	38	Adenoid tissue	PCR	2.6%
Agirdir et al[93]	30	Adenoid tissue	Urease test	33.3%
Park et al[96]	62	Adenoid tissue	PCR	14.5%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 3 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in clinical investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and otitis media

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Bitar et al[86]	28	Middle ear fluid	Culture	0%
Pitkäranta et al[87]	20	Middle ear fluid	Culture	0%
Ozcan et al[89]	25	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	0%
		Blood	ELISA (IgG)	32%
			ELISA (IgA)	12%
Fancy et al[90]	45	Middle ear fluid	PCR	32%
Yilmaz et al[91]	22	Middle ear fluid	Culture	9%
			PCR	31.8%
		Middle ear mucosa	Culture	4.5%
			PCR	27.3%
Yilmaz et al[92]	18	Middle ear fluid	PCR	66.7%
Agirdir et al[93]	45	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	66.6%
Morinaka et al[94]	15	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	20%
			IHC	80%
Karlidag et al[95]	38	Middle ear fluid	PCR	16.3%
Park et al[96]	60	Middle ear fluid	Urease test	26.7%
			PCR	33.3%
Bai et al[97]	60	Middle ear fluid	PCR	40%
			Culture	11.7%
			Urease test	11.7%
Kutluhan et al[101]	38	Middle ear tissue	PCR	7.9%
Dagli et al[102]	41	Middle ear mucosa	Urease test	53.6%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 4 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in studies with large samples that investigated relationships between Helicobacter pylori and oral diseases

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Bernander et al[110]	94	Dental plaque	Culture	0%
Luman et al[113]	120	Saliva and dental plaque	Culture	0%
Chaudhry et al[118]	89	Dental plaque	PCR	51.6%
Butt et al[119]	178	Dental plaque	Urease test	100%
Sudhakar et al[121]	50	Dental plaque	Culture	10%
			Urease test	70%
Assumpção et al[126]	99	Dental plaque	PCR	72%
	93		Urease test	52%
Gao et al[127]	96	Dental plaque	PCR	82.3%
Fernández-Tilapa et al[143]	200	Saliva and dental plaque	PCR	17%
		Blood	ELISA	62%
Eskandari et al[144]	67	Dental plaque	PCR	5.9%
Karczewska et al[145]	329	Gingival pocket material	Culture	50%
			PCR	35%
Oshowo et al[150]	208	Dental plaque	PCR	7.2%
			Culture	0.9%
		Tongue scraping	PCR	0%
			Culture	0%
Gall-Troselj et al[174]	268	Tongue mucosa	PCR	16%
Suzuki et al[177]	326	Saliva	PCR	6.2%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 5 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in clinical investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and tonsillitis/tonsil hypertrophy

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Unver et al[73]	16	Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	62.5%
Cirak et al[77]	22	Tonsillar tissue	PCR	18.2%
Abdel-Monem et al[80]	20	Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	60%
			PCR	15%
		Blood	ELISA	20%
Najafipour et al[188]	103	Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	48.5%
			PCR	19.4%
Farivar et al[189]	103	Tonsillar tissue	PCR	21.4%
			Histology	18.4%
Jabbari Moghaddam et al[191]	285	Tonsillar tissue	Histology	39.6%
			Urease test	14.0%
		Blood	ELISA	5.2%
Wibawa et al [192]	19	Tonsillar tissue	Culture	15.7%
Nártová et al[193]	89	Tonsillar tissue	PCR	80.9%
Khademi et al[194]	55	Adenotonsillar tissue	Urease test	82%
Aslan et al[195]	52	Tonsil core tissue	Urease test	47%
		Mucosal tissue	Urease test	42%
		Tonsillar tissue	Histology	0%
Lin et al[197]	94	Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	35%
Kusano et al[201]	173	Tonsillar tissue	IHC	72.8%
Kusano et al[202]	55	Tonsillar tissue	IHC	78.2%
Yilmaz et al[203]	50	Blood	ELISA	56%
		Stool	ELISA	50%
		Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	0%
Skinner et al[204]	50	Blood	ELISA	28%
		Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	0%
Jelavic et al[205]	77	Blood	ELISA	79%
		Tonsillar tissue	Urease test	12%
di Bonaventura et al[206]	72	Tonsillar swab	Culture	0%
			IHC	0%
Di Bonaventura et al[207]	72	Tonsillar tissue	PCR	0%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 6 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and benign pharyngeal/laryngeal diseases

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Pharyngeal disease
Aladag et al[208]	41	Blood	ELISA	78%
Zhang et al[211]	50	Pharyngeal tissue	Histology	38%
Kaptan et al[212]	70	Pharyngeal tissue	PCR	27.1%
			Culture	5.8%
Elsheikh et al[213]	146	Pharyngeal tissue	PCR	32.9%
Laryngeal disease
Ozyurt [52]	27	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	58.6%
Burduk et al[58]	30	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	100%
Cekin et al[215]	43	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	55.8%
Youssef et al[217]	212	Stool	ELISA	57.5%
Rubin et al[222]	101	Blood	ELISA	54.5%
Talaat et al[223]	162	Stool	ELISA	86.4%
Tiba M et al[224]	14	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	71.4%
			IHC	71.4%
Borkowski et al[226]	35	Laryngeal tissue	Urease test	17.1%
Siupsinskiene et al[227]	54	Laryngeal tissue	Urease test	37.0%
Jaspersen et al[228]	38	Gastric tissue	Urease test	36.8%
		Laryngeal swab	Culture	0%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

Table 7 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in investigations of relationships between Helicobacter pylori and head and neck malignancies

Ref.	Patients(n)	Samples	Methods	Positive results
Siupsinskiene et al[227]	13	Laryngeal tissue	Urease test	46.2%
Shi et al[230]	59	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	76.3%
Aygenc et al[231]	26	Blood	ELISA	73.1%
Okuda et al[232]	58	Oral swab	PCR	100%
Burduk[233]	80	Laryngeal tissue	Urease test	62.5%
Dayama et al[234]	20	Oral tissue	Culture	15%
			PCR	15%
Rubin et al[235]	53	Blood	ELISA	64.2%
Rezaii et al[236]	98	Blood	ELISA	93.9%
Gong et al[237]	81	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	71.6%
		Blood	ELISA	77.8%
Grimm [238]	191	Oral tissue	IHC	21.5%
Kizilay et al[241]	69	Laryngeal tissue	Histology	0%
Akbayir et al[242]	50	Laryngeal tissue	IHC	0%
Pirzadeh et al[243]	65	Laryngeal tissue	Urease test	0%
			Histology	0%
Kanda et al[244]	31	Laryngeal tissue	PCR	0%
			Culture	0%
			IHC	0%
		Urine	ELISA	67.7%
Grandis et al[245]	21	Blood	ELISA	57%
Nurgalieva et al[246]	119	Blood	ELISA	32.8%
Lukeš et al[248]	11	Oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue	Culture	9.1%
	23	Oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue	PCR	73.9%
	41	Blood	ELISA	78.1%
Pavlík et al[249]	3	Blood	ELISA	0%
		Tonsillar tissue	PCR	100%

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.