Magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Inflammatory bowel disease in children

	Crohn’s disease	Ulcerative colitis
Etiology	Unknown (hereditary, immune response to gut flora)
Incidence
Site	Terminal ileum/SB/entire GIT	Colon/backwash ileitis
Pattern	Skip lesions, transmural, deep ulcerations	Diffuse mucosal
Acute complication	Obstruction, toxicity, hemorrhage, perforation
Chronic complication	Stenosis, fistula, fissures, abscess, GIT cancer, extraintestinal manifestation	Extraintestinal manifestation, colorectal cancer

SB: Small bowel; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Table 2 Sequence parameters used for magnetic resonance enterography (magnetic resonance avanto, magnetic resonance symphony)

Sequence	Orientation	Slice thickness (mm)	Time of repetition (ms)	Time of echo (ms)	Time of inversion (ms)	Flip angle (°)
TRUFI	Coronal	6	3.8	1.9		80
T2	Coronal	70-100	3000	985		180
TRUFI	Transverse	4	4.3	2.15		80
HASTE	Transverse	4-7	1000	87		150
VIBE	Coronal	2	3.18	1.1		9
FLASH	Transverse	4-5.5	233	1.91		70
TIRM	Transverse	8	5050	91	140	180
DWI	Transverse	5	5500	139		0

TRUE: True steady-state free precession images; HASTE: Half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo-spin-echo; FLASH: Fast low-angle shot T1w sequences; VIBE: Volume interpolated gradient-echo; DWI: Diffusion weighted imaging.

Table 3 Magnetic resonance imaging features in inflammatory bowel disease in children differentiation active and fibrostenotic phase

Imaging features	Active inflammation	Fibrostenotic disease
Mural thickening	Moderate	Mild
Mural enhancement	Avid	Mild
Stratified enhancement	Yes	Variable
Mural edema	Yes	Mild/absent
Mesenteric adenopathy	Yes	No
Fibrofatty proliferation	Variable	Yes
Abscess, empyema, fistula	Complicated disease	Variable