Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: A review of the current evidence

Table 1 Studies investigating the potential benefits of enteral vs parenteral feeding

Ref.	Year	Country/institution	No. of patients	Control arm	Benefits of enteral vs parenterlal feeding
McClave et al[2]	1997	United States/University of Louisville, KY	30	Parenteral feeding	Cheaper, better glucose control
Kalfarentzos et al[4]	1997	Greece/University of Patras	38	Parenteral feeding	Lower complication rate, cheaper
Windsor et al[5]	1998	United Kingdom/St James’s Univ Hospital London	34	Parenteral feeding	Decreased organ failure and complication rates
Paraskeva et al[7]	2001	Greece/Pireus General Hospital	23	Parenteral feeding	Lower surgical intervention rate
Oláh et al[59]	2002	Hungary/Petz A. Teaching Hospital, Gyor	89	Parenteral feeding	Less septic complications
Abou-Assi et al[9]	2002	United States/Virginia Univ. Hosp., RA	53	Parenteral feeding	Less septic complications, cheaper
Gupta et al[10]	2003	United Kingdom/Southampton General Hospital	17	Parenteral feeding	Shorter hospital stay, cheaper
Louie et al[12]	2005	Canada/University of Alberta	28	Parenteral feeding	Lower complication rate, better glucose control
Eckerwall et al[37]	2006	Sweden/Lund University Hospital	69	Parenteral feeding	Lower complication, MOF and mortality rates
Petrov et al[13]	2006	Russia/Nizhny Novgorod Hosp	22	Parenteral feeding	No significant difference

MOF: Multi-organ failure.

Table 2 Studies investigating the potential benefits of early vs late enteral feeding

Ref.	Year	Country/Institution	No. of patients	Control arm	Benefits of early vs late enteral feeding
Sun et al[29]	2013	China/Nanjing Medical University	60	Late enteral feeding	Lower infective complication, MOF and SIRS rates
Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska et al[30]	2013	Poland/Medical University Bialystok	197	Late enteral feeding	Lower complication and mortality rates
Sun et al[31]	2013	China/Nanjing Medical University	60	Late enteral feeding	Lower intra-abdominal hypertension rate

MOF: Multi-organ failure; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Table 3 Anti-infective and immunomodulatory properties of immunonutrients

Anti-infective and immunomodulatory properties of immunonutrients

Reduced bacterial overgrowth

Maintenance of natural balance of intestinal flora

Reduced intestinal permeability

Reduced serum endotoxin levels

Antagonist effect against pathogenic bacteria

Prevent pathogenic bacterial adherence to intestinal mucosa

Bacterocidal and bacterostatic effect (lactic acid production)

Increased proportions of NK cells, T-lmphocytes, Ig-A producing plasma cells

Increased phagocytosis