Non-pulmonary allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease: A qualitative review

Table 1 Recommendations for probiotic use

Clinical condition	Effectiveness	Organism
Diarrhea
Infectious-adult-treatment	A	Saccharomyces boulardi, LGG
Infectious-childhood- treatment	A	LGG. Lactobacillus reuteri
Prevention of infection	B	S. boulardii, LGG
Prevention of AAD	A	S. boulardii, LGG, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus
Treatment of recurrent CDAD	B	S. boulardii, LGG
Prevention of CDAD	B	LGG, S. boulardii
IBD
Pouchitis
Preventing and maintaining remission	A	VSL#3
Induce remission	C	VSL#3
Ulcerative colitis
Inducing remission	C	Escherichia coli Nissle, VSL#3
Maintenance	C	E. coli Nissle, VSL#3
Crohn's	C	E. coli Nissle, S. boulardii, LGG
IBS	B	Bifidobacterium infantis
IBS	C	Bifidobacterium animalis, VSL#3, Lactobacillus plantarum
Immune response	A	LGG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus johnsonii
Allergy
Atopic eczema assoc. with cow milk allergy
Treatment	A	LGG, B. lactis
Prevention	A	LGG, B. lactis
Radiation enteritis	C	VSL#3, L. acidophilus
Vaginosis and vaginitis	C	L. acidophilus, LGG, L. reuteri

Reproduced with permission from reference Floch et al[31]. An ‘‘A’’ recommendation is based on strong, positive, well-conducted, controlled studies in the primary literature, not abstract form; A ’‘B’’ recommendation is based on positive, controlled studies but the presence of some negative studies; A ‘‘C’’ recommendation is based on some positive studies. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; LGG: Lactobacillus GG; S. boulardii: Saccharomyces boulardii.

Table 3 Probiotics in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Randomized controlled trials

Entity	Ref.	Population (n)	Probiotic(s)	Treatment group	Effect
Crohn’s disease	Bousvaros et al[79]	Children (75; age, 5-21 yr)	LGG	Maintenance of remission	No benefit
	Plein et al[80]	Adults (20)	S. boulardii	Maintenance of remission	Reduced diarrhea vs placebo
	Malchow[72]	Adults (28)	E. coli Nissle 1917	Maintenance of remission	No benefit
	Prantera et al[81]	Adults (45)	LGG	Maintenance of surgically induced remission	No benefit
	Schultz et al[82]	Adults (11)	LGG	Treatment of active Crohn’s disease	No benefit
Ulcerative colitis	Kruis et al[70]	Adults (120)	E. coli Nissle 1917	Maintenance of medically induced remission	Equal to mesalamine
	Rembacken et al[71]	Adults (120)	E. coli Nissle 1917	Maintenance of medically induced remission	Equal to mesalamine
	Kruis et al[83]	Adults (327)	E. coli Nissle 1917	Maintenance of medically induced remission	Equal to mesalamine
	Ishikawa et al[84]	Adults (21)	B. breve and B. bifidum and L. acidophilus YIT 0168	Maintenance of medically induced remission	Superior to placebo
Pouchitis	Gionchetti et al[73]	Adults (40)	VSL#3	Maintenance of antibiotic-induced remission of chronic pouchitis	Superior to placebo
	Mimura et al[85]	Adults (36)	VSL#3	Maintenance of antibiotic-induced remission of chronic pouchitis	Superior to placebo
	Gionchetti et al[86]	Adults (40)	VSL#3	Maintenance of antibiotic-induced remission of chronic pouchitis	Superior to placebo
	Kuisma et al[87]	Adults (20)	LGG	Treatment of active pouchitis	No benefit

Reproduced with permission from reference Szajewska et al[78]. LGG: Lactobacillus GG; E. coli: Escherichia coli; S. boulardii: Saccharomyces boulardii; B. breve: Bifidobacterium Breve; B. bifidum: Bifidobacterium bifidum; L. acidophilus: Lactobacillus acidophilus.