Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the molecular diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

Table 1 Main studies investigating Kras mutation assay on specimens obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for the differential diagnosis between pancreatic carcinoma and pseudo-tumorous chronic pancreatitis

Ref.	Patient	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Overall accuracy (%)
	PC/CP	Cytopathology alone/Kras + cytoP	Cytopathology alone/Kras + cytoP	Cytopathology alone/Kras + cytoP
Tada et al[31]	28/8	62/81	100/100	71/85
Pellisé et al[35]	33/24	97/97	100/100	84/98
Takahashi et al[34]	62/15	84/94	100/100	CytoP alone: 58
Maluf-Filho et al[33]	57/11	82/90	97/47	59/89
Bournet et al[28]	129/27	83/88	100/100	72/90
Reicher et al[30]1	34/16	88	94	90
Ogura et al[29]	307/47	87/93	100/100	89/94
Ginestà et al[32]	43/18	76/86	100/100	82/90
Bournet et al[39]2	104/72	71/90	100/99	84/94

¹Combination of Kras + cytoP + FISH/Fluorescence in situ hybridization; ²PC vs others malignant and benign pancreatic lesions. PC: Pancreatic carcinoma; CP: Chronic pancreatitis; CytoP: Cytopathology.

Table 2 Main studies with expression of miRNA in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration specimens

Ref.	miRNA	FNA	Possible clinical implication
Torrisani et al[58]	Let-7a	X ↓	Diagnosis
Hanoun et al[22]	miR-148b	X ↓	Diagnosis
Szafranska et al[24]
Szafranska et al[24]	miR-196a	X ↑	Diagnosis
Szafranska-Schwarzbach et al[66]
Szafranska et al[24]	miR-217	X ↓	Diagnosis
Szafranska-Schwarzbach et al[66]
Du Rieu et al[55]	miR-21	X ↑	Diagnosis, prognosis, response to treatment
Bloomston et al[63]
Preis et al[67]	miR-10b	X ↑	Prognosis, response to treatment

X ↑: Up regulated; X ↓: Down regulated. FNA: Fine needle aspiration.

Table 3 Main studies investigated expression of Mucin and molecular markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration materials

Molecular markers	Methods for analysis	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Accuracy (%)	Ref.
MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC+	IHC	70	100	75	70
CytoP + MUC5AC	IHC	90	93	91	71
CytoP + MUC1		85	100	89
MSLN, UPAR	qRT-PCR	100	94	-	77
S100P	IHC	90	90	87	78
MSLN		62	74	66
S100P + KRT7	qRT-PCR	80	77	-	23
cytoP alone	qRT-PCR	68/88	100/90	75/89	73
cytoP alone/cytoP + S100A6

CytoP: Cytopathology; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; qRT PCR: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; MUC: Mucin; MSLN: Mesothelin; UPAR: Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.