Atypical causes of cholestasis

Table 1 The “Classic criteria” for diagnosis of Alagille Syndrome

Organ system	Disorder	Description
Liver	Cholestasis	Chronic cholestasis due to bile duct paucity
Heart	Congenital heart disease	Peripheral pulmonary artery hypoplasia or stenosis
Musculoskeletal	Vertebral abnormalities	“Butterfly” vertebral arch defects
Face	Dysmorphic facies	“Triangle face” with broad forehead, deep-set eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, prominent ears, straight nose with bulbous tip, and pointed chin
Eye	Anterior chamber defects	Posterior embryotoxon (prominent Schwalbe's line)

Table 2 Common causes of drug-induced liver injury in the United States

Types of drugs	Specific drugs (number of cases)
Analgesics/NSAIDs	Acetaminophen (124)
	Drugs in combination with APAP (3)
	Diclofenac (4)
	Celecoxib (2)
Antimicrobials	Isoniazid (37)
	Amoxicillin/clavulanate (24)
	Nitrofurantoin (13)
	Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (9)
	Ciprofloxacin (5)
	Levofloxacin (4)
	Terbinafine (4)
	Telithromycin (5)
	Fialuridine (3)1
	Azithromycin (3)
	Oxacillin (3)
	Minocycline (3)
	Amoxicillin (2)
	Doxycycline (2)
	Fluconazole (2)
	Nevirapine (2)
CNS Agents	Valproate (16)
	Phenytoin (15)
	Methyldopa (8)
	Lamotrigine (5)
	Duloxetine (6)
	Atomoxetine (3)
	Fluoxetine (2)
	Nefazodone (2)1
	Buproprion (2)
Anti-inflammatory/Immunologics	Interferon beta (6)
	Sulfasalazine (3)
	Etanercept (3)
	Mercaptopurine (3)
	Antithymocyte globulin (2)
Endocrine	Propylthiouracil (13)
	Troglitazone (4)1
Statins	Atorvastatin (3)
	Cerivastatin (2)1
Anesthetics	Halothane (3)
	Desflurane (2)
Cardiovascular	Labetolol (2)
	Amiodarone (2)
Others	Disulfiram (6)
	Allopurinol (2)
	Ranitidine (2)

¹Discontinued or non-FDA approved drugs. APAP: Acetaminophen; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CNS: Central nervous system; FDA: Food and drug administration. Adapted From: Russo et al[90] and Chalasani et al[80].