Natural products and food components with anti-Helicobacter pylori activities

Table 1 Foods and products posessing anti-Helicobacter pylori potential

Food	Putative active component	Stage of experiment	Ref.
Bovine milk	Lactoferrin	In vitro, in vivo (animal)	[4-10]
		in vivo (human)
Green tea	Catechin compounds	In vitro, in vivo (animal)	[11-15]
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)	6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, phenolic acids (cinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, syringic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, gentisic, gallic)	In vitro	[16-19]
Curcuma amada	Phenolic acids (cinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, syringic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, gentisic, gallic)	In vitro	[20]
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)	Curcumin	In vitro	[21]
Propolis	Phenolic compounds	In vitro	[17,22-24]
Acacia nilotica	Unknown (phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins)	In vitro	[25,26,28]
Calotropis procera	Unknown	In vitro	[27,28]
Muscadine grape skin	Polyphenols (quercetin, resveratrol)	In vitro, in vivo (animal)	[29,30]
Apple peel	Quercetin glycosides	In vitro	[31,32]
Virgin oil	Phenolics	In vitro, in vivo (human)	[33,34]
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Cranbery juice	Polyphenol compound	In vitro, in vivo (human)	[35-37]
Plants	Tannins (tellimagrandin-I, -II)	In vitro	[38]
Broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea)	Sulforaphane	In vitro, in vivo (animal), in vivo (human)	[39,40]
Paeonia lactiflora	Paeonol, benzoic acid, unknown	In vitro	[41-43]
Decalepis hamiltonii	2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (HMBA) Unknown	In vitro	[44,45]
(Maillard reaction products)	Melanoidin	In vitro, in vivo (animal), in vivo (human)	[46]
(Maillard reaction products)	Aminoreductone	In vitro	[47]
Milk (Maillard reaction products)	Casein polymer (FP-10),	In vitro, in vivo (animal); in vivo (human)	[48,49]
Okinawamozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)	Fucoidan	In vitro, in vivo (animal)	[50,51]
Garlic (Allium sativum)	Allicin, diallyl sulfur components	In vitro	[52-55]
Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum)	Unknown	In vitro	[56]
Deep seawater	Unknown	In vitro, in vivo (animal); in vivo (human)	[63]
Essential oils	Unknown (geranial in lemongrass)	In vitro, in vivo (animal)	[64-66]

Table 2 Anti-Helicobacter pylori effects and combination effects in clinical studies

Food	Putative anti-H. pylori effect	Effect comminbed with agents in clinical trial			Ref.
		Agents	Eradication rate	Study design
Bovine milk	Penetration of the antibiotics to H. pylori	bLF + triple therapy	100%	Open, randomized, single-center	[5]
	(damage of cell membrane)	(rabeprazole, CAM, tinidazole)	93%	Open, randomized, multi-center	[6]
Green tea	Inhibition of urease activity via disrupted cell membrane
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)	Blockage of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation
Curcuma amada	-
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)	-
Propolis	Damage of cytoplasmic membrane
Acacia nilotica	Suppression of urease activity
Calotropis procera	Suppression of urease activity
Muscadine grape skin	-
Apple peel	Inhibition of urease activity
Virgin oil	-
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Cranbery juice	Inhibition of H. pylori adhesion to gastric mucosa	Cranbery juice + Lactobacillus (La1)	22.90%	Multicentric, randomized, controlled, double-blind	[37]
Plants	Damage of lipid bilayer membrane
Broccoli sprout (Brassica oleracea)	-
Paeonia lactiflora	Inhibition of urease activity
Decalepis hamiltonii	Bacterial lysis (cell death)
	(interference of DNA/protein involved in DNA protection and bioavailability)
(Maillard reaction products)	Inhibition of H. pylori urease binding to gastric mucin
(Maillard reaction products)	-
Milk (Maillard reaction products)	Blockage of interaction between H. pylori and gastric mucin
Okinawamozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)	Inhibition of H. pylori binding to gastric cell
Garlic (Allium sativum)	-
Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum)	Interference of the cell division process
Deep seawater	-
Essential oils	-

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; CAM: Clarithromycin.