Role of gut microbiota and Toll-like receptors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Toll-like receptor mutant mice and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Mice	Diet	Duration	Steatosis	Inflammation	Fibrosis	Ref.
TLR2 KO	MCD	5 wk	Identical	Worsen	N/A	[17]
TLR2 KO	MCD	8 wk	Worsen	Worsen	N/A	[18]
TLR2 KO	CDAA	22 wk	Identical	Improved	Improved	[48]
TLR2 KO	HF	20 wk	Improved	Improved	N/A	[46]
TLR2 KO	HF	5 wk	Improved	Improved	N/A	[47]
TLR4 mu	MCD	3 wk	Improved	Improved	N/A	[9]
TLR4 KO	MCD	8 wk	Improved	Improved	Improved	[19]
TLR4 mu	HF	22 wk	Improved	N/A	N/A	[26]
TLR4 mu	Fru	8 wk	Improved	Improved	N/A	[10]
TLR5 KO	ST		Worsen	Worsen	N/A	[20]
TLR9 KO	CDAA	22 wk	Improved	Improved	Improved	[14]

Assessment of toll-like receptor (TLR) mutant mice were compared with control (WT) mice. CDAA: Choline-deficient amino-acid defined; Fru: Fructose-rich; HF: High fat; MCD: Methionine and choline deficient.

Table 2 Classification of gut microbiota based on Gram staining

Gram-positive bacteria	Gram-negative bacteria	Unclassified
Actinobacteria	Bacteroidetes	Deferribacteres
Firmicutes	Cyanobacteria	Tenericutes
TM7	Verrucomicrobia