Inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis: A review on pathogenesis and immunosurveillance mechanisms in ulcerative colitis

Table 1 Altered genes in ulcerative colitis-associated carcinogenesis

Gene	Function	Ref.
Mutation/overexpression
Apc	Wnt signaling pathway inhibition	23,80,81,88,89
Bcl-xl	Apoptosis suppression	90
Ptgs2	Inflammation promotion and apoptosis inhibition	26
iNos	Apoptosis inhibition through NO production	90
Kras	Cell survival promotion and apoptosis suppression	22,80,81,84-86
Tp53	Cell-cycle regulation	20,82,83,87
Tnfrsf6	Apoptosis promotion	90
Smad3	Wnt signaling pathway component	121
Aberrant methylation
p16	Cell-cycle regulation	71
Mlh1	DNA mismatch repair	69
Runx3	Transcription factor	71
Dapk	Induction of cell death	72