Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance

Table 1 Molecules produced by Kupffer cells that may mediate their interactions with metastasising colorectal cancer cells within the hepatic sinusoids[126,127]

Group	Molecules
Cytokines and chemokines	Tumour necrosis factor alpha
	Transforming growth factor beta
	Interleukins (IL-1α, -1β, -6, -8, -10, -12 and -18)
	Interferon gamma
	Platelet-activating factor
	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
	Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1)
Hydrolytic and	Urokinase-type plasminogen activator
proteolytic enzymes	Metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -7 and -13)
Lipid metabolites	Prostaglandin E2
(prostanoids)	Thromboxane
Oxygen species (superoxide) and hydrogen peroxide
Nitrogen species (nitric oxide)

Table 2 Adhesion molecules with potential prognostic value in colorectal cancer progression and hepatic metastases[176,194]

Adhesion molecule family	Adhesion molecule	Expression
Cadherins	E-cadherin	Colon epithelial cells
	P-cadherin	Colon epithelial cells
Lectins	sLEx	Colon epithelial cells
	sLEa (CA 19-9)
	Galectin-3
Selectins	E-Selectin	ECs
	L-Selectin	Leukocytes
	P-Selectin	ECs and platelets
Integrins	LFA-1 (αLβ2)	Colon epithelial cells, ECs, fibroblasts, leukocytes and platelets
	VLA-4 (α4β1)
Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs	ICAMs	ECs, fibroblasts and leukocytes
	PECAM-1	ECs, platelets and leukocytes
	VCAM-1	ECs and epithelial cells
	MadCAM	Colon epithelial cells
	CEA	Colon epithelial cells
Proteoglycan receptors	CD44	Colon cells and ECs

CA 19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; EC: Endothelial cell; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; LFA-1: Leukocyte function-associated antigen 1; MadCAM: Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule; PECAM: Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; sLEx: Sialyl Lewis x antigen; VCAM: Vascular cell adhesion molecule; VLA-4: Very late activation antigen 4.