Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and atherosclerosis: Clinical impact and mechanisms

Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies which evaluated the association between hepatitis C virus and atherosclerosis

Ref.	Type of study	Country	HCV+(n)	HCV-(n)
Studies showing association
Ishizaka et al[12], 2002	Population	Japan	104	4784
Ishizaka et al[13], 2003	Population	Japan	25	1967
Tomiyawa et al[20], 2003	Cohort	Japan	87	7427
Fukui et al[21], 2003	Cohort	Japan	31	179
Boddi et al[10], 2007	Cohort	Italy	31	120
Targher et al[15], 2007	Cohort	Italy	60	60
Butt et al[35], 2009	Observational cohort	United States	82083	89562
Mostafa et al[22], 2010	Cross-sectional	Egypt	329	795
Petta et al[23], 2012	Cohort	Italy	174	174
Adinolfi et al[9], 2013	Cohort	Italy	326	477
Studies showing no association
Bilora et al[28], 2008	Cohort	Italy	40	40
Caliskan et al[29], 2009	Cohort	Turkey	36	36
Tien et al[30], 2009	Cohort	United States	273	1502
Masiá et al[31], 2011	Cohort	Spain	63	138

HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 2 Main characteristics of the studies which evaluated the association between hepatitis C virus and cardiac diseases

Ref.	Type of study	Country	HCV+ (n)	HCV- (n)	Comment
Studies showing association
Vassalle et al[14], 2004	Cohort	Italy			CAD (491), HCV 6.3%
					vs control (195), 2%
Alyan et al[37], 2008	Cohort	Turkey	139	225
Butt et al[35], 2009	Cohort	United States	82083	89582	CAD patients
Yelken et al[38], 2009	Cohort	Turkey	26	26	Renal transplanted
Maruyama et al[39], 2013	Cohort	Japan	217		Myocardial perfusion defect
Younossi et al[40], 2013	Population	United States	173	19568	Congestive heart failure
Adinolfi et al[9], 2013	Retrospective	Italy	78	742	Hospitalized
Studies showing no association
Völzke et al[16], 2004	Cross-sectional	Germany	21	4033
Arcari et al[17], 2006	Case-control	United States	292	290	Myocardial infarction
Forde et al[36], 2012	Population cohort	United Kingdom	4809	71668	Myocardial infarction
Younossi et al[40], 2013	Population	United States	173	19568	Myocardial infarction

CAD: Coronary artery disease; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 3 Main characteristics of the studies which evaluated the association between hepatitis C virus and stroke

Ref.	Type of study	Country	HCV+ (n)	HCV- (n)	Comment
Studies showing association
Forssen et al[42], 2009	Population retrospective	United States	21919	67109
Gutierrez et al[43], 2012	Population retrospective	United States	-	-	NHANES (2005-2010)
Liao et al[44], 2012	Population cohort	Taiwan	4094	16376
Hsu et al[45], 2013	Cohort retrospective	Taiwan	2875	12450
Adinolfi et al[9], 2013	Cohort retrospective	Italy	79	741	Hospitalized
Studies showing no association
Younossi et al[40], 2013	Population retrospective	United States	173	19568	NHANES (1999-2010)

NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.